• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.645-653
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• 2005

The effects of a WI(Water Injection) at the intake Pipe and an urea injection at the exhaust pipe for a 4-cylinder DI(Direct Injection) diesel engine were investigated experimentally The water quantity was controlled by temperature of intake manifold and MAF(Manifold Air Flow). In addition, the urea quantify was controlled by NOx quantify and MAF. Effects of WI system, urea-SCR system and tandem system were investigated for with and without EGR(Exhaust Gas Recirculation). As the results. the SUF(Stoichiometric Urea Flow) and NOx map were obtained. In addition, NOx results can be visualized with engine speed and engine load. It was concluded. therefore, that the NOx reduction effects of the tandem system without the EGR were more than those with the EGR base engine.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2010

This study investigated the antioxidant effects of ginseng coffee in L6 muscle cells. Ginseng coffee was prepared by coating and digesting coffee beans with ginseng concentrate. The ginseng coffee water extract potently protected against hydrogen peroxide-induced L6 cell death and adenosine triphosphate reduction in a dose-dependent manner; in fact, these cytoprotective effects were significantly greater than those of normal coffee. However, ginseng coffee did not exhibit significant radical scavenging or catalase-like activity. These results suggest that ginseng coffee might act as a cytoprotective agent in muscles, but that the protective effects are not due to a direct radical-reduction property but rather to another intracellular signaling factor.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.194-203
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• 1999

The axial stress in rock bolt, the shear stress at the bolt-grout interface and the neutral point are analyzed to understand the mechanical behavior of rook bolt. To analyze the support effects of rock bolt in various geological conditions, numerical analyses are performed with regard to bolt spacing and bolt length in several geological conditions and tunnel sizes. Through the numerical analyses, the distributions of maximum tensile stress and shear stress are determined. And the excavation width of underground opening affects the position of the neutral point. In the circular opening supported by pattern bolting, the increase of confining pressure, the reduction of plastic zone, and that of ground displacement are determined by using the radial stress increase ratio, the plastic zone reduction ratio and the displacement reduction ratio respectively. The results of this study can be applied to a practical tunnel design through understanding of the trends of these support effects.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.63-101
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• 2015

Banking and borrowing under the ETS may affect the low carbon technology investment level. If the indirect implementation measures are allowed, firms can gradually adjust their carbon reduction costs between implementation periods based on their carbon reduction costs and emission price forecasts. This implies that banking and borrowing may reduce or increase the level of low carbon technology R&D investment. In an oligopoly market, the effects of the measures are quite different from the ones in a perfectly competitive market. This is because the indirect implementation measures can shift market competition in Cournot competition model. The effects of banking and borrowing on the carbon reduction R&D investments depend on emission reduction costs, marginal production costs, discount rate, initial free allocation, and the cost reduction effects of R&D investment.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.136-148
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• 2016

We analyze economic effects of GHG reduction measures of the generation industry to meet 2030 GHG reduction target using the scenario based approach. We estimate the GHG emission of the Korean power industry in 2030 based on both the $7^{th}$ Electricity Supply & Demand Plan and the GHG emission coefficients issued by IAEA. We set up three scenarios for reduction measures by replacing the coal fired plants with nuclear power, renewable energy and carbon capture and storage. Once and for all, the nuclear power scenario dominates the other energy technologies in terms of GHG reduction quantities and economic effects.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.45-64
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper examines South Korea's potential status as a carbon leakage country, and the level of risk posed by the Korean emissions trading scheme (ETS) for Korean industries. The economic effects of border carbon adjustments (BCAs) to protect energy-intensive Korean industries in the process of achieving the carbon reduction target by 2030 through the Korean ETS are also analyzed. Design/methodology - First, using the Korean Input-Output (IO) table, this paper calculates the balance of emissions embodied in trade (BEET) and the pollution terms of trade (PTT) to determine Korean industries' carbon leakage status. Analyses of the risk level posed by carbon reduction policy implementation in international trade are conducted for some sectors by applying the EU criteria. Second, using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, three BCA scenarios, exemption regulations (EXE), reimbursement (REB), and tariff reduction (TAR) to protect the energy-intensive industries under the Korean ETS are addressed. Compared to the baseline scenario of achieving carbon reduction targets by 2030, the effects of BCAs on welfare, carbon leakage, outputs, and trading are analyzed. Findings - As Korea's industrial structure has been transitioning from a carbon importing to a carbon leaking country. The results indicate that some industrial sectors could face the risk of losing international competitiveness due to the Korean ETS. South Korea's industries are basically exposed to risk of carbon leakage because most industries have a trade intensity higher than 30%. This could be interpreted as disproving vulnerability to carbon leakage. Although the petroleum and coal sector is not in carbon leakage, according to BEET and PTT, the Korean ETS exposes this sector to a high risk of carbon leakage. Non-metallic minerals and iron and steel sectors are also exposed to a high risk of carbon leakage due to the increased burden of carbon reduction costs embodied in the Korean ETS, despite relatively low levels of trade intensity. BCAs are demonstrated to have an influential role in protecting energy-intensive industries while achieving the carbon reduction target by 2030. The EXE scenario has the greatest impact on mitigation of welfare losses and carbon leakage, and the TAF scenario causes a disturbance in the international trade market because of the pricing adjustment system. In reality, the EXE scenario, which implies completely exempting energy-intensive industries, could be difficult to implement due to various practical constraints, such as equity and reduction targets and other industries; therefore, the REB scenario presents the most realistic approach and appears to have an effect that could compensate for the burden of economic activities and emissions regulations in these industries. Originality/value - This paper confirms the vulnerability of the Korean industrial the risk of carbon leakage, demonstrating that some industrial sectors could be exposed to losing international competitiveness by implementing carbon reduction policies such as the Korean ETS. The contribution of this paper is the identification of proposed approaches to protect Korean industries in the process of achieving the 2030 reduction target by analyzing the effects of BCA scenarios using a CGE model.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-28
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• 2014

We use a set of Korea panel data to estimate effects of legal working hours reduction on actual hours worked and employment effects, through panel econometrics methods. Taking account of sequential decrease in legal hours worked since 2004, we estimate the relationship between legal and actual working hours by size of industries. It is found that one hour reduction of legal hours per week caused 0.44 to 1.05 actual hours worked on average per week, depending on different industrial sizes. Also, estimated employment effects were not unanimously determined, rather they turn out to be clearly size-dependent, which provide different results from exiting literature. Our analysis proposed in this work can be restrictive as, for instance, there is significant lack of data for foreign workers, particularly in the small-sized industries. Subsequent empirical analysis is expected.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.829-835
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• 2011

A power frequency magnetic field reduction method using passive loop is presented. This method can be used to reduce magnetic fields generated within the restricted area near transmission lines by alternating current overhead transmission lines. A reduction algorithm is described and related equations for magnetic field reduction are explained. The proposed power frequency magnetic field reduction method is applied to a scaled-down transmission line model. The lateral distribution of reduction ratio between magnetic fields before and after passive loop installation is calculated to evaluate magnetic field reduction effects. Calculated results show that the passive loop can be used to cost-effectively reduce power frequency magnetic fields in the vicinity of transmission lines generated by overhead transmission lines, compared with other reduction methods, such as active loop, increase in transmission line height, and power transmission using underground cables.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2007

This review article considered the electrochemical reduction of uranyl ions on a Pt surface. Specifically, we focussed on the improvement in its reduction current efficiency. First, this article briefly explained the fundamentals of the reduction of uranyl ($UO_2^{2+}$) ions on a Pt surface. Namely, they involved the electrochemical behaviour of uranium species, and electrochemical cell configurations for the reduction of $UO_2^{2+}$ ions. In addition, the effects of adsorbed hydrogen atoms were investigated on the reduction of $UO_2^{2+}$ ions. Finally, this article presented the methods for improving current efficiency of the reduction of $UO_2^{2+}$ ions on a Pt surface. Three different kinds of methods are introduced, which include electrochemical surface treatments of Pt electrode involving hydrogenation and anodisation, the use of catalyst poisons, and formation of thin mercury film on a Pt electrode. Moreover, this article provided some clues about how hydrogenation and catalyst poisons work on the reduction of $UO_2^{2+}$ ions.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.493-502
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• 2012

This study aimed to determine the management and environmental factors affecting medical expense reduction. For analysis, medical expenses were divided into hospitalization expenses and outpatient treatment expenses, and the rate of medical expense reduction was classified into initial and final reduction rates. Data were collected through a direct survey among 205 directors of independent health insurance review departments of hospital-level medical institutions in Korea. The results of the study are discussed below: In the analysis, differences in the initial and final reduction rates of hospitalization expenses and outpatient treatment expenses were compared. The results showed that, in hospitalization expenses, the initial and final reduction rates were both significantly affected by the following management factors: number of beds, number of departments, number of personnel reviewing health insurance cases, and total number of employees. Further, in outpatient treatment expenses, the initial and final reduction rates were both affected significantly by the following management factors: management of medical records, number of beds, number of departments, number of personnel reviewing health insurance, and total number of employees. The management factors significantly affecting both the initial and final reduction rates were higher number of beds for hospitalization expenses and electronic medical record management for outpatient treatment expenses. The environmental factors significantly affecting both the initial and final reduction rates of hospitalization expenses were a highly cooperative work environment, better implementation of indicator management systems, and overtime pay. Better implementation of indicator management system and a committee for handling medical expenses had significant effects on the initial reduction rate for outpatient treatment expenses. A highly cooperative work environment, better implementation of indicator management system, and overtime pay had significant effects on the final reduction rate for outpatient treatment expenses.