• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2014

Background: In this study, we examined the effects of various enzymes on chemical conversions of ginsenosides in ginseng extract prepared by amylases. Methods: Rapidase, Econase CE, Viscozyme, Ultraflo L, and Cytolase PCL5 were used for secondary enzymatic hydrolysis after amylase treatment of ginseng extract, and ginsenoside contents, skin permeability, and chemical compositions including total sugar, acidic polysaccharide, and polyphenols were determined on the hydrolyzed ginseng extract. Results: Rapidase treatment significantly elevated total ginsenoside contents compared with the control (p < 0.05). In particular, deglycosylated ginsenosides including Rg3, which are known as bioactive compounds, were significantly increased after Rapidase treatment (p < 0.05). The Rapidase-treated group also increased the skin permeability of polyphenols compared with the control, showing the highest level of total sugar content among the enzyme treatment groups. Conclusion: This result showed that Rapidase induced the conversion of ginsenoside glycosides to aglycones. Meanwhile, Cytolase PCL5 and Econase treatments led to a significant increase of uronic acid (acidic polysaccharide) level. Taken together, our data showed that the treatments of enzymes including Rapidase are useful for the conversion and increase of ginsenosides in ginseng extracts or products.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2009

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been used as an important medicinal plant in the Orient for a long time. It has been claimed that ginseng has many beneficial bioactive effects on human health, such as antitumor, antistress, antiaging and enhancing immune functions. Red ginseng possibly have new ingredients converted during steaming and dry process from fresh ginseng. In this study, pharmacological efficacy and ingredient conversion of ginseng by 9 repetitive steaming and drying process were investigated measuring conversion efficiency of acidic-polysaccharide, phenolic compounds and inhibition of peroxide lipides. It was found that acidic-polysaccarides were increased by heat treatment. In addition, maltol of phenolic compounds, strong antioxidant, produced during the process of red ginseng by Maillard reaction. Acidic-polysaccarides and maltol were increased after the 1st and 3rd steaming and drying treatments, but they were decreased gradually after 5th, 7th, and 9th treatments. Antioxidant activity was increased as increasing treatment times of steaming and drying without significance. Effect of red ginseng extract on inhibition of peroxide was increased gradually until after the 7th treatment, but remarkably decreased after the 9th treatment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.1127-1133
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• 2007

Antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic effects of Red Ginseng (RG, steamed and dried root of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer, family Araliaceae), major component of which is ginsenoside Rg3, and Bifidodoterium-fermented RG (FRG), major component of which is ginsenoside Rh2, were investigated. Orally administered RG and FRG potently reduced the serum triglyceride levels in com-oil-induced hypertriglycemidemic mice as well as total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Of the saponin and polysaccharide fractions of RG and FRG, the polysaccharide fraction inhibited postprandial blood glucose elevation of maltose- or starch-loaded mice and reduced the blood triglyceride levels in com-oil-induced hypertriglycemidemic mice. The saponin fraction and its ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 reduced blood triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in Triton WR1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. The inhibitory effect of FRG and its main constituents against hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in mice were more potent than those of RG. These findings suggest that hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of RG can be enforced by Bifidus fermentation and FRG may improve hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.133-140
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• 1990

Toxohormone-L is a lipolytic factor, found in ascites fluid of sarcoma 180-bearing mice and of patients with hepatoma A substance that inhibited the lipolytic action of Toxohormoue-L was isolated and purified from Korean red ginseng powder. This substance had a pectin-like $\alpha$-1,4-polygalacturonan backbone with some acetoxyl groups, and so was an acidic polysaccharide It inhibited Toxohormone-L Induced liploysis in a dose dependent manner at concentrations higher than 10 Ug/ml. Purified acidic Polysaccharide yield(PG4-3 and PG4-4 fraction) was about 0.03%. And also pectic acid that inhibited the lipolytic action of Toxohormone-L.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.176-181
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• 2005

Our previous reports demonstrated that ip. administration of Korean red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) exerts antitumor activity In mice. The present study was carried out to compare the effects of ip. and p.o. routes of administration of RGAP on either normal or tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. RGAP was administered either ip. or p.o. at doses of 100, 300, 500, 1000 mg/kg for 1 or 5 weeks. Peritoneal macrophages from mice treated with RGAP p.o. at a dose of 300 mg/kg either for 1 or 5 weeks did not exhibit growth inhibition activity toward WEHI-I64 tumor cells. However, administration of RGAP at a dose of 600 mg/kg for both 1 and 5 weeks increased the antitumor activity of macrophages. Oral administration of RGAP (600 mg/kg) for 5 weeks and ip. administration of RGAP (300 mg/kg) for 1 week resulted in antitumor activities of $40\%$ and $45\%$, respectively, indicating that the effect of i.p. injection is more potent 2 and 5 times than that of p.o. one in terms of dose and duration, respectively. Tumor inhibition rates of RGAP at doses of 300, 500, 1000 mg/kg in mice transplanted with B16-F10 melanoma were 4.4, 12.0, and $45.4\%$, respectively, meaning that p.o. dose higher than 500 mg/kg possess marked antitumor activity. The results above suggests that p.o. administration of RGAP also show antitumor activity in vivo depending on the dose.

• 고려인삼연구와산업
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.20-35
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• 2010

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2018

본 연구는 고온 고압의 autoclaving 조건에서 2시간 내외로 증삼한 인삼과 그 용출액으로 2단계 열풍건조법으로 제조한 홍삼을 분말로 하여 그 열수추출물에 대한 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 즉 시료로 사용한 홍삼의 제조는 고온 고압으로 증삼한 용출액을 건조시 증삼 표면에 바르고 건조하여 외형이 흑삼 모양으로 변하였다. 홍삼 분말로부터 열수추출물의 총 폴리페놀, 총 플라보노이드, 총당, 산성다당체, 조사포닌 등의 함량을 분석하고, 색차계와 전자코를 이용하여 향미 성분을 측정하였다. Autoclave를 이용한 홍삼 열수추출물(ARG)의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 9.06 mg GAE/g, 총 플라보노이드 3.38 mg NE/g, 총당 35.22 g/100 g, 산성다당체 10.90 g/100 g, 조사포닌 10.22 g/100 g으로 나타났다. 본 홍삼제조법에 의해 얻어진 홍삼을 이용한 열수추출물은 총 폴리페놀, 총 플라보노이드, 조사포닌 등의 최종 함량이 다른 홍삼 제조법에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 고온 고압으로 단시간에 얻은 증삼액인 용출액은 진세노사이드 조성이 다양하였다. Rb1을 포함한 인삼의 주요 진세노사이드 총 함량은 ARG에서 가장 낮은 10.69 mg/g으로 나타났으며 가공 조건이 홍삼 특유의 진세노사이드로의 전환에 영향을 주었다. Autoclave로 얻어진 홍삼 및 용출액은 홍삼성분의 저분자량으로의 변환을 통해 색의 강화 등 향미성분이 개선되어 식품 뿐만 아니라 비식품의 소재 및 제품을 위한 수요가 기대된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2008

홍삼의 분말화가 홍삼성분의 추출에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보기 위하여 기존의 홍삼동체로부터 유용성분을 추출하는 방법과 홍삼을 분말화하여 추출하는 방법을 비교 시험하였다. 서로 다른 입도분포를 가지는 3종의 홍삼분말 ($10{\sim}40$, $40{\sim}100$, 100 mesh 이상)을 제조한 후 원형홍삼 및 홍삼분말을 이용하여 48시간 추출실험을 한 결과 입도의 크기가 가장 큰 $10{\sim}40$ mesh 홍삼분말이 가장 높은 추출수율을 나타내었다. 특히 짧은 추출시간 (12시간)대에서 원형홍삼과 비교하여 큰 수율차이를 보였다. 홍삼의 분말화가 일반적인 연속추출방법에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 3차의 용매변경 연속추출방법(1차 추출: $70^{\circ}C$ 에탄올 12시간, 2차 추출: $70^{\circ}C$ 에탄올 12시간, 3차 추출: $70^{\circ}C$ 열수 12시간)을 이용하여 추출을 수행한 결과 3차 추출까지 끝낸 상태에서의 고형분 추출수율은 $10{\sim}40$ mesh 홍삼분말이 36.2%로서 원형삼의 29.9%에 비해 약 20% 이상의 수율 증가를 보이는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 홍삼분말 추출물내의 유용성분 분석결과 조사포닌, 총사포닌 모두 $10{\sim}40$ mesh 홍삼분말에서 추출수율이 가장 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 조사포닌의 경우 $10{\sim}40$ mesh 홍삼분말 추출물의 수율이 2.6%로서 원형삼 추출물의 1.77%보다 약 47% 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. HPLC를 이용한 사포닌 조성분석결과 모든 홍삼분말 추출물들이 비슷한 사포닌 조성을 나타낸 것으로 미루어 보아 분말화에 의한 사포닌 조성 변성은 일어나지 않은 것으로 판단되었다. 홍삼내의 다른 유용성분인 산성다당체의 경우에는 기존 원형홍삼에 비해 분말화된 홍삼들의 추출수율이 높아졌으며 가장 미세 분쇄된 100 mesh 이상의 홍삼분말에서 2.9%의 추출수율을 보여 원형삼 추출액의 1.37%에 비해 2배이상 높은 추출수율을 나타내었다. 본 결과는 추출공정에 분말화된 홍삼을 이용할 경우 추출시간의 단축 및 홍삼성분의 추출효율을 높일 수 있음을 시사하는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.157-161
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• 1990

We have been isolating various physiologically active substances from non-saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng. These are adenosine, pyre-glutamic acid, dencichine and acidic polysaccharide. Adenosine and pyre-glutamic acid are known to inhibit epinephrine-induced lipolysis in fat cells and stimulate the insulin-mediated lipogenesis. In addition to these actions, adenosine was found to inhibit both norepinephrine- and histamine-induced aorta constriction, and pyre·glutamic acid inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme. Dencichine stimulated histamine-induced aorta constriction. Finally, acidic polysaccharide was found to inhibit both lipolytic and anorexigenic actions of Toxohormone-L. Based on these experimental results, I presented a briefreview on these compounds isolated from non-saponin fraction of Korea Red Ginseng.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.266-276
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• 2002

A red ginseng acidic polysaccharide(RGAP) with immunomodulating antitumor activities was isolated from Korean red ginseng, The molecular weight of RGAP was estimated to be 12-450 kDa by gel filtration chromatography, RGAP was found to increase survival rate and to inhibit of tumor growth significantly in a dose dependent manner in mice transplanted with tumor cells. RGAP significantly promoted nitric oxide(NO) production from peritoneal macrophages bothin vivo and in vitro. Western blot analysis exhibited a newly synthesized inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) protein band in the RGAP treated group. It seems likely that immunomodulating antitumor activities of RGAP are mainly mediated by NO production of macrophage. RGAP was further purified by ultrafiltration and anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-sepharose, followed by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 to give an active fraction(GFP) with stronger NO production in murine macrophages. GFP increased survival rate ten times compared to RGAP in male ICR mice transplanted with sarcoma 180 and also showed more potent tumoricidal activities of natural killer cells than RGAP. Sugar $composition(mol\%)$ of GFP was found to be arabinose:rhamnose:xylose:galacturonic acid:mannose:galactose:glucose(10:9:1:25:8:20:27) by GC/MS. The results suggest that clinical trials of RGAP in immunotherapy against cancer are highly feasible.