• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.146-150
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• 2000

수삼의 증삼전 열처리로 홍삼중의 추출가능 물질은 물추출물 뿐만 아니라 60%주정 수용액 추출물의 양을 근본적으로 다량 생성시켜 추출수율을 높였다. 또한 갈색도가 증진되었으며, 전분질을 함량을 저하시켜 추출물중 원심분리박의 대부분을 차지하고 있는 전분을 감소시키므로써 이의 제거를 위한 원심분리기 등 고가의 공정 단축이 가능할 수 있다. 증삼 전 예열 적정온도는 $70^{\circ}C$에서 60분이 적합하였으며 증삼시간에 따라서는 엑스추출율의 차이가 크지 않았다. 예열 조건별 물 추출물 엑스의 향미 비교에서 향과 맛 모두 당의 특성 향미가 증진됨을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.117-121
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• 1990

Browning intensity is a major factor to estimate the quality of red ginseng or red ginseng products. The Maillard type of browning reaction proceeds nonenzymatically during extraction and concentration of red ginseng. The present studies were carried out to investigate the effects of amino acids and sugars on the browning reaction during extraction and concentration of red ginseng. Red ginseng was pulverized to 115 mesh and then tenfold (v/w) of water was added to the powder to make the substrate of red ginseng. Solution (0.1 M) of fourteen amino acids and of folly silgars were added to the substrates of red ginseng powder and these were then extracted and concentrated to examine their browning intensities. Amino acids were more effective than sligars in acrelerating the browning reaction. Acceleration of the browning reaction in the concentrate was in the order of arginine> histidine>glycine>alanine>lysine phenyl alanine>aspartic acid>lelicine>threonine>gllitamic acid>tyrosine>valine>istleucine>methionine for amino acids, and was glucose>frlictose >silcrose, maltose for sugars.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.447-454
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• 1999

Ginseng-vinegars were produced by the fermentation of 5% ethanol solution contained ginseng, red ginseng, ginseng marc and red ginseng marc using Acetobacter aceti 3281 for 26 days at 35$^{\circ}C$. The ginseng and red ginseng vinegar contained 0.236mg/ml of total sugar 0.236mg/ml of reducing sugar and 0.05% of ethanol and 1.005 of specific gravity 8,58CFU of viable cell count 3,24 of pH and 5.11% of acidity. Whereas the vinegars produced using the water-extracted red ginseng marc and the ethanol-extracted red ginseng marc were consisted of total sugar was 1.27mg/ml and 1.60mg/ml reducing sugar was 0.077mg/ml and 0.725mg/ml specific gravity was 1.001 and 1.004 the number of viable cells was 8.51CFU/ml and 8.1CFU/ml pH was 2.81 and 2.89 acidity was 5.18% and 5.32% respectvely ethanol concentration was 0.05% in both cases. In five-grade scoring test of sensory evaluation, it was estimated favorable that each vinegar made by were-extracted red ginseng marc, ethanol-extracted red ginseng marc ginseng and red ginseng ginseng from 0.5 to 32% of water-and ethanol-extract red ginseng was extracted with 10% white vinegar for 30 days. The best sensory vinegars were obtained that ginseng of 0.4~1.6% above red glnsend of 0.8% water-extracted red ginseng marc of 0.8~1.6% and ethanol-extracted red ginseng marc of 0.4~1.6% added in 10% white vinegar respectively.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.647-656
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• 2022

The influence of fermented red ginseng (FRG) and red ginseng extract (RGE) on the growth, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality of growing-fattening pigs was evaluated in the present study. In total, 120 growing-fattening crossbred pigs with a bodyweight of 21.77 kg (_SE1.88) were allocated to 3 treatments with 8 repeats of 5 pigs (2 boars and 3 gilts) for a 22-week experimental period. The pigs were supplemented with a basal diet (CON group) or a basal diet containing 0.1% FRG or 0.1% RGE. Pigs fed the FRG diet had a higher (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) from days 1 to 42 and during the whole period. The apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) was improved (p < 0.05) in the FRG treatment in week 6 and that of DM in week 10. Moreover, the drip loss of the meat from the FRG pigs was reduced (p < 0.05) on days 1, 5, 7, and 9. Taken together, this study revealed that the supplementation of 0.1% FRG in the diet improved the ADG and the apparent nutrient digestibility of DM and N and decreased the drip loss of the meat. However, the addition of RGE did not affect the growth of the growing-fattening pigs.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2005

홍삼 추출물이 유산간균 3종(L. acidophilus, L. casei 및 L. salivarius ssp. salivarius)과 병원성 균으로서 E. coli 및 L. monocytogenes에 대한 성장 촉진과 억제 효과를 홍삼 추출물 0, 1, 2, 5와 $10\%$ 농도로 조사하였으며, 홍삼 추출물에 의한 pH 저하를 buffer제를 사용하여 조정하고 미생물의 성장을 대조구와 비교하여 조사하였다. 유산간균 3종의 경우 홍삼 추출물 $1\%$ 농도까지는 무처리구와 유사한 성장을 보였으나, $2\%$이상의 홍삼 추출물 첨가 시 농도가 높아질수록 유산균의 성장도 둔화되었다. E. coli의 경우 홍삼 추출물이 $1\%$부터 높아질수록 성장이 억제되었고, L. monocytogenes의 경우 $5\%$ 이상의 처리구에서 억제 효과가 있었다. Buffer제를 사용하여 pH를 조정하고 홍삼 추출물을 $10\%$ 첨가한 구와 pH를 조정하지 않은 구를 비교하여 보면 유산간균과 병원성 균의 성장이 두 구간에 모두 억제되므로 미생물의 억제 효과가 홍삼 추출물 중의 유기산에 의한 pH 저하가 원인이 아님을 알 수 있었으며, 이와 같은 미생물의 성장억제 효과는 홍삼 추출물 중 다른 유효성분에 의한 것으로 생각되어진다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.445-452
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• 2016

Background: Red ginseng and ginsenosides have shown plethoric effects against various ailments. However, little is known regarding the effect of red ginseng on morphine-induced dependence and tolerance. We therefore investigated the effect of red ginseng extract (RGE) and biotransformed ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K on morphine-induced dependence in mice and rats. Methods: While mice were pretreated with RGE and then morphine was injected intraperitoneally, rats were infused with ginsenosides and morphine intracranially for 7 days. Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal syndrome was estimated and conditioned place preference test was performed for physical and psychological dependence, respectively. Western blotting was used to measure protein expressions. Results: Whereas RGE inhibited the number of naloxone-precipitated jumps and reduced conditioned place preference score, it restored the level of glutathione in mice. Likewise, ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K attenuated morphine-dependent behavioral patterns such as teeth chattering, grooming, wet-dog shake, and escape behavior in rats. Moreover, activated N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor subunit 1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the frontal cortex of rats, and cultured cortical neurons from mice were downregulated by ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K despite their differential effects. Conclusion: RGE and biotransformed ginsenosides could be considered as potential therapeutic agents against morphine-induced dependence.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.120-125
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• 1992

홍삼 추출물의 방사선(5Gy)에 조사된 생쥐의 효소활성에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 ICR계 생쥐를 대상으로 생리적 식염수구를 대구조로 하여, 홍삼 엑기스를 살균수 $10m{\ell}$에 50mg에 녹여, 매일 각각 $0.1m{\ell}$씩 10일간 복강내에 홍삼추출물 투여구와 방사선만을 조사한구 및 홍삼추출물 투여 후 방사선 조사구등 4그로 나누어 1일, 4일, 9일, 17일 및 30일 등 5회에 걸쳐 생체의 조직 중 간, 신장에서의 GOT, GPT의 활성을 측정하여 결과를 얻었다. GOT의 활성도 변화는 간, 신장에서 초기에 현저히 증가했으며 이후 회복하는 경향이었다. 방사선 조사구들에서는 홍삼추출물 투여구가 방사선만 조사한구보다 빠르게 회복하는 경향이었다. GPT 활성도 변화는 간, 신장에서 모두 초기에 증가하다가 점차 회복하는 경향이었으며 홍삼추출물 투여 후 방사선 조사구가 방사선만 조사한구보다 빠르게 회복하는 경향이었다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 홍삼 추출물은 방사선 조사에 의하여 기인된 간 및 신장의 GOT와 GPT 활성도 회복에 효과가 있다고 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.993-1000
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE) as feed additive in broilers and laying hens. In broilers, 480 Arbor Acre male broilers were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 replications per treatment and 20 chicks per pen. The experiment lasted 5 weeks and dietary treatments were as follows: i) CON, basal diet; ii) FRGE1, basal diet+1 g/kg fermented red ginseng extract; iii) FRGE2, basal diet+2 g/kg fermented red ginseng extract and iv) FRGE3 basal diet+4 g/kg fermented red ginseng extract. Throughout the experiment, no effects were observed (p>0.05) in performance in response to FRGE. At the end of the experiment, FRGE administration improved (p<0.05) the lymphocyte level compared with CON. The relative weight of bursa of fabricius and spleen were increased (p<0.05) by the inclusion of FRGE3. Besides, redness ($a^*$) value for the breast meat was higher (p<0.05) in FRGE1 and FRGE3 treatments than that in CON. In laying hens, 240 ISA brown layers at 35 weeks of age were used in this 8-week trial. Dietary treatments were the same as in the broilers trial with 10 replicates per treatment and 6 layers per replicate. During the entire experiment, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in performance or egg quality among all the treatments. However, the layers fed diets supplemented with FRGE had higher lymphocyte level (p<0.05) compared with those fed CON. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation with FRGE did not influence performance but improved the lymphocyte level in both broilers and laying hens.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.673-680
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• 2017

Fludarabine, a chain terminating anti-cancer drug, is a purine analogue that causes DNA strand breaks in normal cells. In this study, we determined if A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng extract mixture reduce cytotoxicity of fludarabine. Treatment of HaCaT cells with $10{\mu}M$ of fludarabine for 24 hours decreased cell viability and increased DNA strand breaks. Treatment of A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng extract mixture for 24 hours increased cell viability as compared with single extract treatment. The protective effect of these extracts on cell activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner. DNA strand breaks induced by fludarabine decreased as concentration of extract mixture increased. p-H2AX level, a marker of DNA strand breakage, decreased depending on the concentration of extract mixture. The effect of mixed extract of A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng on DNA damage is due to the anti-oxidative effect of A. melanocarpa and signal transmission through glucocorticoid receptor upon binding of saponin of Korean red ginseng.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Dietary and Medicinal Antimutgens and Anticarcinogens
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• pp.17-18
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• 2001

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been the most highly recognized medicinal herb in the Orient. The prolonged administration of red ginseng extract significantly inhibited the incidence of hepatoma and also proliferation of pulmonary tumors induced by aflatoxin B$_1$and urethane. Statistically significant anticarcinogenic effects were observed in powders and extract of 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, 5 and 6 year-white ginseng and 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginseng by 9 week medium-term anticarcinogenicity test using benzo［a］pyrene (Yun's model).(omitted)