• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1464-1469
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of red ginseng by-product (RGB) on the laying performance, blood biochemistry, and microbial population in laying hens. A total of 120 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (75 weeks old) were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments with 4 replicates per treatment. A commercial-type basal diet was prepared, and 2 additional diets were prepared by supplementing 5.0 or 10.0 g/kg of RGB to the basal diet at the expense of corn. The diets were fed to hens on an ad libitum basis for 4 weeks. There were no differences in feed intake, egg weight, and feed conversion ratio during 4 weeks of the feeding trial. However, hen-day egg production was significantly greater (p<0.05) for the RGB treatment groups than that for the basal treatment group. There were no differences in triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase during the 4-week feeding trial. However, RGB supplementation increased (p<0.05) the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM content compared with basal treatment group. The total cholesterol was lower (p<0.05) in the RGB treatments groups than that in the basal treatment group. The intestinal Lactobacillus population was greater (p<0.05) for the RGB treatments groups than that for the basal treatment group. However, the numbers of Salmonella and Escherichia coli were not different among dietary treatments. During the entire experiment, there was no significant difference in egg quality among all the treatments. In conclusion, in addition to improving hen-day production, there were positive effects of dietary RGB supplementation on serum immunoglobulin and cholesterol levels in laying hens.

• 생약학회지
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• 제34권4호통권135호
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• pp.327-334
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• 2003

We evaluated the anti-arthritic effect of a new diet-supplement product containing red ginseng, glucosamine, shark cartilage, ascorbic acid and manganese chloride for the relieving arthritic symptoms. Anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of red ginseng (250 and 500 mg/kg), glucosamine (240 mg/kg) and shark cartilage (240 mg/kg) were tested individually on vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema. Glucosamine and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of vascular permeability by 29.6 and 32.9%, respectively. Red ginseng (500 mg/kg) and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 hr. The supplement (red ginseng mixture: RGM) composed of red ginseng (43.5%), glucosamine (25.0%), shark cartilage (25.0%), ascorbic acid (5.0%) and manganese chloride (1.5%) was prepared and its inhibitory activities including vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema were comparable to anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac and ibuprofen. It was also tested on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats as one of chronic arthritic tests and Randall-Selitto assay as an analgesic test. RGM showed the inhibition against the swelling of rat paws induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis at a dose of 1,500 mg/kg. Determination of cytokines of the sera sampled from arthritis-induced animals indicated that RGM increased the levels of $interferon-{\gamma}$ and interleukin-6, representing the immunostimulatory effect by red ginseng. RGM treatment moderately reduced the production of NO in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results support that RGM can be applicable for the improvement of arthritic as a new diet-supplement.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2019

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a traditional herb used across the world to treat various diseases. Although, red ginseng is this herb's most famous product and has demonstrated diverse pharmacological activities, white ginseng (WG) is another ginseng product that is made fresh and individually regulated in Eastern Asia. Red and white ginseng show different characteristics due to distinct processing steps despite originating from the same plant, and the drug interactions induced by WG have not been well documented. Selegiline is a selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor used as an antidyskinetic and antiparkinsonian agent. Here we developed a quantification method for selegiline in mouse plasma using a C8 stationary phase in triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The validated LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to determine the potential interaction with WG extract (0.1 g/kg/day) pre-administered for 4 weeks. The $AUC_{0-240min}$ of selegiline was altered due to a decrease in the absorption of selegiline with repeated administration of WG extract.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.40-49
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• 1981

인삼(人蔘)Ext.를 원료(原料)로 하는 인삼주(人蔘酒)에서 저장시간(貯藏時間), 온도(溫度)등 외적요인(外的要因)에 따라 생성(生成)되는 혼탁(混濁) 또는 침전현상(沈澱現象)을 효과적(效果的)으로 억제(抑制) 또는 방지(防止)하기 위(爲 )한 방법(方法)과 조건(條件)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果) 인삼조(人蔘粗)Ext.의 수솔(收率)은 추출온도(抽出溫度)가 높고 용매주정(溶媒酒精)의 온도(溫度)가 낮을수록 높은 경향(傾向)이 있으나 정제(精製)Ext.의 경우(境遇)에는 정반대(正反對)의 현상(現象)을 보였다. 혼탁(混濁)과 침전현상(沈澱現象)을 최소화(最小化)하기 위(爲)한 인삼(人蔘)Ext.의 추출(抽出)및 정제조건(精製條件)은 75% EtOH를 용매(溶媒)로 $50{\sim}70^{\circ}C$에서 추출(抽出)하고 정제시(精製時) 2차(2次) 희석주정(稀釋酒精)의 농도(濃度)를 최종제품(最終製品)과 동일(同一)하게 처리(處理)하는 것이 가장 효과적(效果的)이었다 정제시(精製時)의 처리온도(處理溫度)에 따라 사포닌의 안정화(安定化)에 차이(差異)가 있었다. $-20^{\circ}C$ 처리(處理)의 경우(境遇) 사포닌의 일부분획(一部分劃)이 침전물(沈澱物)로 유실(流失)되었으나 $4^{\circ}C$의 처리(處理)에서는 정제과정(精製過程)과 장기저장에서도 사포닌의 유실(流失)이나 변이(變異)가 없이 안정(安定)하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.423-430
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• 2016

Background: The induction of cellular defensive genes such as phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes is a highly effective strategy for protection against carcinogenesis as well as slowing cancer development. Transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) is responsible for activation of phase II enzymes induced by natural chemopreventive compounds. Methods: Red ginseng oil (RGO) was extracted using a supercritical $CO_2$ extraction system and chemical profile of RGO was investigated by GC/MS. Effects of RGO on regulation of the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway were determined by ARE-luciferase assay, western blotting, and confocal microscopy. Results: The predominant components of RGO were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (31.48%), bicyclo[10.1.0] tridec-1-ene (22.54%), and 22,23-dihydrostigmasterol (16.90%). RGO treatment significantly increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 as well as ARE reporter gene activity, leading to upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Phosphorylation of the upstream kinases such as apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK)1, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MKK)4/7, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK were enhanced by treatment with RGO. In addition, RGO-mediated Nrf2 expression and nuclear translocation was attenuated by JNK inhibitor SP600125 and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190. Conclusion: RGO could be used as a potential chemopreventive agent, possibly by induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated phase II enzymes via ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2018

Red ginseng marc is a by-product of Korean red ginseng (panax ginseng CA Meyer) and contains ginsenoside which has pharmacological effects. The Korean red ginseng marc was fermented with Bacillus subtilis (RGMB). This study was carried out to investigate the RGMB effect on swine immunity. The variation of ginsenoside depending on the RGMB fermentation time was analyzed. Swine (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) were divided into control group (basic diet) and RGMB group (RGMB 1% diet). One percent RGMB was fed to the RGMB group for 28 days. The biochemical parameters, cytokine and immunoglobulin were analyzed. For 48 hours of fermentation on RGMB, ginsenoside Rb1 had increased 180.94%, Rg3 235.85%. Rg1 wasn't detected before fermentation, but was detected after 48 hours of fermentation. The RGMB had effect of deceasing initial AST concentration $79.33{\pm}12.85U/L$ to $54.00{\pm}14.46U/L$ in final and was significantly lower (P<0.05) than control in final. In final RGMB had significantly lower (P<0.05) ALT concentration of $48.57{\pm}8.26U/L$ comparing with control group of $65.43{\pm}10.31U/L$. RGMB had the effect of significantly decreasing (P<0.05) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ concentration of $2.44{\pm}1.31ng/mL$, $0.71{\pm}0.36ng/mL$ and $0.51{\pm}0.21ng/mL$. The IgA concentration had significantly increased (P<0.05) in RGMB group of $0.56{\pm}0.06mg/mL$ in final. These results demonstrate that RGMB has effect of increasing immunity and practicable to use as feed additives on swine.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2021

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a natural product with antiinflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects. We have previously reported that the endocrine-disrupting compound bisphenol A (BPA)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and promoted the migration of A549. Here, in this study, we assessed the protective effect of KRG on the BPA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of COX-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in A549 cells. Methods: The effects of KRG on the upregulation of ROS production and COX-2 and MMP-9 expression by BPA were evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACs) analysis, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. Antimigration ability by KRG was evaluated by migration assay in A549 cells. Results: KRG significantly suppressed the BPA-induced COX-2, the activity of NF-κB, the production of ROS, and the migration of A549 cells. These effects led to the downregulation of the expression of MMP-9. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that KRG exerts an antiinflammatory effect on BPA-treated A549 cells via the suppression of ROS and downregulation of NF-κB activation and COX-2 expression which leads to a decrease in cellular migration and MMP-9 expression. These results provide a new possible therapeutic application of KRG to protect BPA-induced possible inflammatory disorders.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.256-260
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• 2008

홍삼은 건강을 유지하기 위한 약재로 오래전부터 우리나라에서 많이 애용되고 있는 한방소재로서 근래에 와서 홍삼의 유효 성분군이 사포닌으로 밝혀지면서 약리 효능적인 측면에서는 연구가 급진전되었으나, 홍삼의 유용 사포닌 성분을 안정성 높게 회수하기 위한 추출방법 및 홍삼을 추출하는데 있어 이화학적인 특성에 영향을 주는 조건에 대해서는 현재까지 연구된 바가 많지 않아 홍삼 추출조건에 대한 체계적인 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 홍삼 추출기를 이용하여 추출조건에 따른 사포닌 성분 및 이화학적 변화에 대해 조사하여 비교분석하였다. 홍삼추출액의 총 사포닌 함량에 있어서는 추출온도와 시간이 증가함에 따라 총 사포닌 함량이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, $75^{\circ}C$, 24시간 추출조건에서 0.774 mg/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 개별 ginsenoside 함량에서도 대부분 추출온도와 시간이 증가될수록 함량이 감소하였지만, $Rg_3$의 경우에는 일정범위내에서의 추출조건에서는 함량이 오히려 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이는 홍삼 추출 시 가열 과정에서 일부 ginsenoside가 $Rg_3$로 구조 전환되면서 그 함량이 증가한 것으로 추정된다. 또한 추출조건별 홍삼추출액의 이화학적 변화에 있어서는 사포닌의 경우와 반대로 추출온도와 시간이 증가될수록 $^{\circ}Brix$와 색차는 증가되는 반면, pH는 감소하는 등 전반적으로 품질 측면에서는 안정화되는 경향을 나타내었으며, 품질적인 특성만을 고려한 적정 추출조건은 $85^{\circ}C$ 내외에서 48시간 추출하는 것이 효율적이라 판단된다. 따라서 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 홍삼 추출액의 품질특성과 사포닌의 안정적인 추출을 위한 적정 추출조건은 ginsenosides의 손실이 최소화되는 $80^{\circ}C$ 내외에서 물리적 성질이 안정화되기 시작하는 48시간 이내로 추출하는 것이 적합한 것으로 사료된다. 이와 같은 결과는 홍삼 추출방법에 있어서 최적의 추출조건에 대한 정보를 주는 것이며, 더 나아가 고농도 사포닌성분이 함유된 기능성 홍삼제품 개발에 기초정보를 제공하는 결과라 사료된다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.142-151
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• 1992

생쥐에 5.5mg의 홍삼추출물을 투여한 후 6.5Gy의 감마선을 전신 조사하여 생쥐 간에서의 항산화 효소들(Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Peroxidase)의 활성도와 지질 과산화 수준의 변화를 측정 비교하여 이들의 상호 관련성과 인삼이 방사선 장해에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 방사선 조사로 인하여 SOD, Catalase 그리고 Peroxidase의 활성은 계속적으로 감소하였으나 홍삼추출물 투여군은 방사선 조사 후 21일에 생리적 식염수 투여군보다 Cu, Zn-SOD($40.7\%$), Mn SOD($26.9\%$), Catalase($20.0\%$) 그리고 Peroxidase($20.1\%$)의 활성이 증가되었으며, 또한 방사선 조사로 인하여 상승되는 지질 과산화의 함량이 억제되었다($70.5\%$). 이러한 결과는 인삼 성분이 방사선 조사로 인하여 생성이 촉진된 free radicals를 제거시킴으로서 지질 과산화물의 생성을 억제시켰거나 방사선에 의하여 손상된 기관들의 회복능력을 강화시킨 결과로 보이며 이는 인삼이 방사선 장해에 대하여 회복 또는 방호효과도 있음을 보여 주는 것이라 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.52-58
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• 2024

Background: Skeletal muscle denervation leads to motor neuron degeneration, which in turn reduces muscle fiber volumes. Recent studies have revealed that apoptosis plays a role in regulating denervation-associated pathologic muscle wasting. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has various biological activities and is currently widely consumed as a medicinal product worldwide. Among them, ginseng has protective effects against muscle atrophy in in vivo and in vitro. However, the effects of KRG on denervation-induced muscle damage have not been fully elucidated. Methods: We induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice by dissecting the sciatic nerves, administered KRG, and then analyzed the muscles. KRG was administered to the mice once daily for 3 weeks at 100 and 400 mg/kg/day doses after operation. Results: KRG treatment significantly increased skeletal muscle weight and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle fiber volume in injured areas and reduced histological alterations in TA muscle. In addition, KRG treatment reduced denervation-induced apoptotic changes in TA muscle. KRG attenuated p53/Bax/cytochrome c/Caspase 3 signaling induced by nerve injury in a dose-dependent manner. Also, KRG decreases protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, reducing restorative myogenesis. Conclusion: Thus, KRG has potential protective role against denervation-induced muscle atrophy. The effect of KRG treatment was accompanied by reduced levels of mitochondria-associated apoptosis.