• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.729-739
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• 1994

Riboflavin status of 17 insulin-dependent diabetic mellitus(IDDM) patients in growing period was evaluated as a function of energy intake and expenditure, biochemical nutritional status and diabetic control indicators. Compared with recommended dietary allowances for Koreans(RDA, 1989), only 35.3% of subjects was at good levels of all nutrients intakes and 52.9% of subjects was below normal level of height and weight. Nutrients consumed below RDA levels were energy(=88.5% of subjects), niacin(64.7%), iron(52.9%) and protein(23.5%) respectively. The riboflavin status was within normal range by urinary riboflavin excretion but 17.6% of subjects was evaluated as showed riboflavin deficiency by erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient(EGRAC). Correlation between riboflavin intake, urinary riboflavin excretion, EGRA level and diabetic duration were not statistically significant. Correlation analyses indicated that EGRA level was inversely correlated with thiamin, niacin and cabohydrate intake. No significant correlations were found between the EGRA and glycosylated hemoglobin A1(HbA1) (r=-0.464, p=0.129). From this study, it is suggested that IDDM subjects need to maintain balanced diet containing nutrients above RDA for individual activity during growing period. It needs more study whether the current recommended riboflavin allowance is adequate for diabetic patients.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.216-223
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• 2005

This purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrient intake, the health status as determined self-assessment checklist, biochemical indicators of elderly Korean women. We interviewed and 55 female subjects living alone in the Urban aged over 65 years. Information on their dietary intake was collected by 24-hour Recall method. Their health status was determined by a NSI checklist. Biochemical indicators were performed in whole blood and plasma of subjects. Except for protein, Fe, all of the elderly subjects belonged to over moderate nutritional risk. The average daily nutrient intake of the elderly was below the level of the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for Koreans. A relationship between their health risk score and nutrient intake was observed negatively (not significantly). They had a risk of anemia as hemoglobin and hematocrit of subjects were under the normal value. Therefore, the reason that health risk score and health status badly was thought for lower nutrient intake.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.255-267
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate the correlations among physical anthropometric measurement, diet intakes, physical fitness test, and serum lipids in eight sedentary women(control group), and twenty seven exercising women(aerobic groups), aged 35~45 years. The results of the study are as follows : 1) systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure(DBP) of aerobic groups were lower than serf entary. Pulse rate was decreased according to the length of aerobic periods. Muscular endurance and jump power of all subjects were stronger than standard range, and those of aerobic exercising groups were stronger than control group. Muscular power of the upper half of the body In all subjects were lower than standard range. 2) Daily calorie intakes of all subjects were in the ring: of recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for Koreans. But daily protein Intakes were higher than RDA. daily cholestrol intakes of all subjects were slightly less than 200~300 mg: which is normal consumption of Koreans. 3) There was a significant positive correlation between serum 7G and daily protein intakes. It was considered that excessive protein intake converted to serum 7G. There was not a significant correlation between serum TC and dietary TC. Therefore, dietary TC seemed to have not much effect on serum TC. Physical fitness was negatively related to serum TG, TC, LDL-C, but positively related to HDL-C, HDL-C /TC. It was found that the serum lipids could be changed better according to improving the physical fitness. There were significant positive correlations between SBP and serum TC, LDL-C. (According to this results), the higher SBP, the higher serum TC, LDL-C tended to be. There was a significant positive correlations between sit up and weightloss nth exercise r=0.7(p<0.001), push ups and weightless with exercise r=0.5(p<0.001). It was considered that muscle strength could be improved according to the weightloss. 4) The purpose of exercise in aerobic groups was rather promoting health than reducing body fatness. Most of al1 subjects (83.2%) drank caffeine-contained beverage therefore, we should concern about that absorption of Fe could be Interrupted and blood pressure could be elevated by caffeine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.419-429
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• 2022

Water accounts for the largest proportion of body weight and is an essential element for the physiological functioning of the human body. According to 2013-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data, the average water intake of Koreans was 2,167.3 mL/day and 62% of them did not meet the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) for water. However, the consumption of beverages is continuously increasing. KDRIs sets the adequate intake (AI) for water, but tolerable upper intake level (UL) and chronic disease risk reduction intake (CDRR) are not provided. Compared to 2015, the AI of total water from both food and fluids in the 2020 KDRIs slightly increased or decreased according to age. The AI for children 1-2 years old, boys 6-8 years and 9-11 years old, and girls 6-8 years old decreased by 100 mL/day, while that of boys 12-14 years old increased by 100 mL/day. The AI of total water was the sum of the water intake from food and fluids reported by the KNHANES, with an extra milk intake of 200 mL/day. Therefore, it is not appropriate to use the AI of total water intakes for the reference of beverage intakes. It is preferable to consume water or milk rather than beverages containing sugar and others including caffeine, sodium, etc. when drinking fluid water. We suggest the following improvements in the future KDRIs for water: improving the adequacy of the water content ratio of Korean conventional foods, supplementing the fluid water intake survey, reflecting the current water intake status by life cycle, setting KDRIs for water for the elderly considering the physiological changes, health status and dietary habits, and promotion of research on the relationship between water intake and health for Koreans.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.748-758
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• 1998

The Recommended Dietary Allowances(RDAs, Nutrient standards), dietary guidelines, and food guides, each define aspects for a healthy diet in different ways. The RDA and food guide for Koreans were first established in 1962 by the Food and Nutrition Committee of the Korea FAO Association. The committee released the RDA and suggested ways to intake the recommended nutrients. Every five years, the committee has added more data and released revisions. The latest edition of the RDA is the 6th revision. In the beginning, the concept of basic food groups was emphasized as basic data for planning means based on RDA. In the 5th revision, the basic food groups and dietary guideline for public health from the Ministry of Health and Welfairs(December, 1990) suggests that, 1) Eat a variety of foods with a recommended fat intake equaling or less than 20% of total calories ; 2) Maintain ideal body weight and prevent obesity ; 3) Eat foods low in salt. Salt intake should not exceed 10g ; 4) Do not drink too much ; 5) Eat regularly and enjoy meals. After these guidelines were established, the first nutritonal education efforts guidelines were developed in 1984. Despite broad possibilities for application, they had limited use, mainly as a nutritional assessment and food balance sheet preparation. They were not well utilized in public nutritional education and nutritonal policy through the media because of the weakness of the government's food and nutriton policy. Also a lack of administrative support and dietitians in the health department and administrative organizations was partly to blame. In regard to public health and nutrition status, life expectancy has increased 10 years since the 70's and the elderly population increased threefold in 1995 compared to 1960. The common causes of death in 1996 by 19 Chapters classification, were first disease of the circulatory system ; the second, neoplasms ; the third, external causes fo mortality ; the forth, diseases of the digestive system ; and the fifth, respiratory system diseases, In food intake, grain and complex starch intake has decreased while fruit and animal foods have considerably increased. Therefore, energy from carbohydrates has decreased while energy from protein and fat has increased. Energy intakes from protein, fat and carbohydrates were respectively 12.5, 7.2 and 80.3% in 1969 but 16.1, 19.1 and 64.8% in 1995. 62.9% of the householes had the fat energy less than 20%, while 37.1% had the fat energy above 20%. The only intakes of vitamin A and calcium were below RDA levles. Therefore, nationwide attention should be focused on public nutriton education and public activities with supplementation of the RDAs, according to the food guide and the dietary guideline.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.539-547
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the health status as determined by a self-assessment checklist was related to the nutritional status of elderly Korean women. We interviewed 59 female subjects living in the Daegu area aged over 55 years. Information on their dietary intake on two consecutive days was collected by the 24-hour Recall Method. Their body compositions were measured using a Bio-electrical Impedence Fatness Analyzer. Their zinc status was evaluated according to their dietary zinc intake and urinary zinc excretion in urine samples collected for 24 hours. Their heath status was determined by a NSI Checklist. While 50.9% of the total subjects belonged to a moderate nutritional risk group,23.7% of the subjects were at a high nutritional risk. It appeared that only 25.4% of the subjects were evaluated as being healthy. Therefore, the overall nutritional health status of the elderly females belonged to the moderate nutritional risk group. Except for vitamin C, the average daily nutrient intake of the subjects was below the level of the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for Koreans. The lower the nutritional health score, the better was their dietary intake of energy (p<.05), protein (p<.001), and zinc (p<.01). A positive relationship between their nutritional health score and body fat ratio was also observed (p<.05). Therefore, we suggest that the NSI Checklist could be used as a practical screening tool at the beginning of nutritional surveillance of the elderly in the community.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate the adequacy of serving sizes of those packaged processed foods in Korea which are designed to provids one meal or snack for one person. There is a lack of data on reference serving sizes which are essential components in the nutrition information provided on food labels. After compiling the average weight of packaged processed foods available in the market in Korea, a questionnaire was formulated to evaluate the adequacy of the serving sizes on 56 packaged processed food items of 188products using 25 female university students as a consumer group. The results showed that 65.5% of the packaged processed foods had adequate serving sizes. In general, current packaged sizes for bread and carbonated drinks were found to be too large. The proposed reference serving sizes in this research appear to be somewhat different from the ones suggested by the Korean Nutrition Society s $7^{th}$ Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans and by the Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) in the U.S. The serving sizes suggested by the USFDA appear to be too large for beverages and too small for snack foods when these are applied to the Korean population. It is suggested that the size of beverages in the Korean market should be reduced, and smaller sub-packets of snacks (each for one serving) should be packaged in a larger pack, for ease of use of nutrition information by consumers as well as for the reduction of food waste. In the future, other representative population groups should be included in the determination of reference serving sizes.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.99-114
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate foodservice management of snacks as will as to evaluate nutrient intakes of young children from the snacks serried in early childhood educational institute. Two hundred and twenty-three snack items from 14 kindergartens and daycare centers were measured sewing size and analyzed for the nutritional values in addition to the general evaluation of the snack service management practice by the trained personnel. The results were as follow: The contents of most nutrients supplied from the snacks amounted to 10-15% of RDA (recommended dietary allowances for Koreans) except iron and niacin. And there were not any significant differences in the contents of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate between the morning and afternoon snacks. The energy and protein contents (as the % of RDA) of snacks sewed to children of 1-3 years old were turned out to be significantly higher than that sewed to the children of 4-6 years old since the portion amount of snacks per child was about the same regardless of the age and individual variation. There were significant differences in the contents of nutrient serried from the snacks among 14 kindergartens. Therefore, nutritional guidence including the standard portion amount for the kindergarten snacks considering the age, activities and individual variation should be developed for kindergarten teachers so that they can effectively manage snack service and provide good nutrition for young children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2005

This survey was carried out to obtain the information concerning nutritional status, including factors of food habits and nutrient intake of the long-lived elderly men and women living in Ganghwa-gun. In order to assess the quality of dietary intake among the elderly, a survey was conducted during December 2003 of 103 subjects who were over 85 years of age. Dietary nutrient intake data were obtained through the 24 hr recall method. Chi-square test and t-test were the main data analysis method. Their dietary habits such as three meals a day and a regular meal time have shown that they have generally good eating habits. Average daily calorie intake ($\%$ RDA) was 1233.2 kcal ($68.8\%$) for male and 1215.8 kcal ($75.8\%$) for female which were lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans. Energy intake of females got closer to RDA than that of male. Protein intake was 49.3 g for male and 46.9 g for female (which was $82.3\%$ RDA for male and $85.1\%$ RDA for female) for elderly person, the proportion of animal protein to total protein intake were $45.2\%$ for male and $39.0\%$ for female. Average CPF ratio of energy intake for both male and female were 68.7 : 16.1 : 15.2 and 69.6 : 15.4 : 15.0. SFA : MUFA : PUFA ratio of the subject was 0.78 : 1.03 : 1.00 for male and 0.64 : 0.92 : 1.00 for female. Calcium intakes for both males and females were 321.3 mg and 377.2 mg. Vitamin A was the nutrient found to be least sufficient. Mean daily intakes of most of the vitamins and minerals for both males and females were lower than RDA except vitamin C and Zn for female, especially $\%$ RDAs of vitamin A, Ca for male and vitamin A for females were less than $50\%$ of RDA. In conclusion, long-lived elderly in Ganghwa areas did not consume enough nutrients quantitatively as well as qualitatively, especially Ca, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin E. These results suggest that nutritional guidelines for older Koreans should focus on the maintenance of adequate energy intake. In addition, selection of foods with high protein and calcium, such as dairy food, should be emphasized, particularly in the long-lived elderly.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 2022

This article evaluated levels of Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNIs), and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) of protein using the recently revised Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Koreans (2020). Dietary protein requirements are based on amounts sufficient to satisfy physiological demands to accomplish nitrogen equilibrium. The same principle was applied to estimate EARs and RNIs, for adults in DRIs conducted in 2015 and 2020 in Koreans. EAR was estimated to be 0.73 g/kg body weight/day, according to data (0.66 g/kg body weight/day) obtained using the nitrogen balance method and adjusted by efficiency of protein use (90%). RNI was calculated as EAR increased by an amount equal to twice the standard deviation of an age group so as to cover 97.5% of the group and was found to be 0.91 g/kg body weight/day. For weaned infants, children, and adolescents, growth requirement was added to estimate EAR. In particular, growth requirement was adjusted by efficiency of protein use in the revised EAR, which led to higher EARs for weaned infants, children, and adolescents of both genders as compared with 2015 DRIs. The AMDR for protein was set at 7%-20% of energy intake, which was the same as 2015 DRIs. Current, average protein intake by the Korean population is almost twice times the EAR, which suggests it might be better to increase the minimal margin for AMDR. However, it was not adjusted in this revision due to lack of evidence.