• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.268-277
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• 2009

Recently as the interest in the development of domestic ore deposits has increased, we can easily find some studies on exploration geophysics-based ore deposit survey in literature. Geophysical surveys have been applied to the investigation of both metallic and non-metallic ore deposit. For metallic ore-deposit survey, the 2D electrical resistivity method has been popularly used, because metallic mineral deposits are generally more conductive than surrounding media. However, geological structures are 3D rather than 2D structures, which may lead to misinterpretation in 2D inversion section. In this study, 3D effects are examined for several 3D structures such as a width-varying dyke model and a wedge-shaped model. We also investigate the effects of the direction of survey line. Numerical results show that the width-varying dyke model yields some low resistivity zone in the deep part, which is independent of real ore-body location. For the wedge-shaped model, even though the survey line is located apart from the ore body, the 2D inversion section still shows low resistivity zone in the deep part. When the survey line is not perpendicular to the strike of the ore body, the low resistivity zone is slightly broader but shallower than that obtained along the survey line perpendicular to the strike. For the survey lines that have an angle smaller than $45^{\circ}$ with the strike of the ore body, the inversion results are totally distorted. From these results, we conclude that 2-D survey and interpretation can lead to misinterpretation of subsurface structures, which may be linked to economical loss. Eventually, we recommend to apply 3-D rather than 2-D electrical resistivity survey for ore-deposit survey.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.72-85
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• 2015

This study was conducted to examine the quality characteristics of radish pickle added with different amounts of white wine (0, 3.75, 7.24, 10.48, and 13.50%), stored for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The sugar content of the pickle solution decreased significantly(p<0.001) as the concentration of white wine increased, and decreased significantly(p<0.001) as the period of storage lengthened. The pH value of the pickle solution increased significantly(p<0.001) as the concentration levels of white wine rose. And a period storage decreased significantly(p<0.001) during the period of storage from week 0 to week 4 [makes no sense; recommend deletion]. The L-value of the solution increased significantly(p<0.001) with increasing concentrations of white wine, while the a-value and b-value both decreased. In addition, the L-value of radish pickle decreased significantly(p<0.001) as white wine concentrations increased, while the a-value and b-value increased. The hardness of the radish pickle increased significantly(p<0.001) when white wine concentrations were increased after 1 week. Hardness decreased significantly(p<0.001) during the period of storage. According to the results of sensory tests, appearance, taste, and overall preference were higher in the 30% additional sample[I can't find what this refers to]. These results are expected to be useful in producing radish pickle of optimal quality and to contribute to the development of various foods and the advancement of the food industry.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.507-516
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• 1999

Background : Patients with lung cancer and their relatives often ask the advice of relative or friends who are doctors on the treatment and prognosis of the disease. Therefore a doctor's opinion may play a role in determining the treatment modality and affect therapeutic compliance of patients. The purpose of this study was to find the opinion of general practitioners on lung cancer treatment. Method : A mail survey for general practitioners in Taegu City and Northern Kyungsang Province was performed. Each individual was sent a written questionnaire in which he or she was asked for ten questions about management and prognosis of lung cancer. Results : Two hundred and twenty eight doctors filled in the questionnaire. Of the respondents, 68% had the experience of being asked about lung cancer by their friends or relatives. About 52% replied that it was better to tell the patient of his or her disease. And about 22% considered it better to follow the relatives' opinion. On the question about choosing the treatment modality, following the doctors' plan was most appropriate in 86.9%, showing that most respondents favored actively recommending doctors. Nonsurgical treatment was preferable in patients over 80 years old with resectable lung cancer and with an increase in age, significant increase was observed in respondents recommending nonsurgical treatment. Most respondents said that they would actively recommend or advise following the doctors' plan about radiotherapy and chemotherapy. But a large percent of the respondents had a negative view on the effect of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Conclusion : The opinions of general practitioners on the treatment and prognosis of lung cancer was variable. And they did not prefer active treatment for patients with old age or advanced lung cancer.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.179-192
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• 2014

Keeping in line with the recent changes in the information technology environment, the online learning environment that supports multiple users' participation such as MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) has become important. One of the largest professional associations in Information Technology, IEEE Computer Society, announced that "Supporting New Learning Styles" is a crucial trend in 2014. Popular MOOC services, CourseRa and edX, have continued to build active learning environment with a large number of lectures accessible anywhere using smart devices, and have been used by an increasing number of users. In addition, collaborative web services (e.g., blogs and Wikipedia) also support the creation of various user-uploaded learning materials, resulting in a vast amount of new lectures and learning materials being created every day in the online space. However, it is difficult for an online educational system to keep a learner' motivation as learning occurs remotely, with limited capability to share knowledge among the learners. Thus, it is essential to understand which materials are needed for each learner and how to motivate learners to actively participate in online learning system. To overcome these issues, leveraging the constructivism theory and collective intelligence, we have developed a social bookmarking system called WeStudy, which supports learning material sharing among the users and provides personalized learning material recommendations. Constructivism theory argues that knowledge is being constructed while learners interact with the world. Collective intelligence can be separated into two types: (1) collaborative collective intelligence, which can be built on the basis of direct collaboration among the participants (e.g., Wikipedia), and (2) integrative collective intelligence, which produces new forms of knowledge by combining independent and distributed information through highly advanced technologies and algorithms (e.g., Google PageRank, Recommender systems). Recommender system, one of the examples of integrative collective intelligence, is to utilize online activities of the users and recommend what users may be interested in. Our system included both collaborative collective intelligence functions and integrative collective intelligence functions. We analyzed well-known Web services based on collective intelligence such as Wikipedia, Slideshare, and Videolectures to identify main design factors that support collective intelligence. Based on this analysis, in addition to sharing online resources through social bookmarking, we selected three essential functions for our system: 1) multimodal visualization of learning materials through two forms (e.g., list and graph), 2) personalized recommendation of learning materials, and 3) explicit designation of learners of their interest. After developing web-based WeStudy system, we conducted usability testing through the heuristic evaluation method that included seven heuristic indices: features and functionality, cognitive page, navigation, search and filtering, control and feedback, forms, context and text. We recruited 10 experts who majored in Human Computer Interaction and worked in the same field, and requested both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the system. The evaluation results show that, relative to the other functions evaluated, the list/graph page produced higher scores on all indices except for contexts & text. In case of contexts & text, learning material page produced the best score, compared with the other functions. In general, the explicit designation of learners of their interests, one of the distinctive functions, received lower scores on all usability indices because of its unfamiliar functionality to the users. In summary, the evaluation results show that our system has achieved high usability with good performance with some minor issues, which need to be fully addressed before the public release of the system to large-scale users. The study findings provide practical guidelines for the design and development of various systems that utilize collective intelligence.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2003

Objectives：As increasing number of new antidepressants have been being introduced in clinical practice, pharmacological understanding has been broadened. These changes mandate new information and theories to be incorporated into the treatment process of children with depressive disorders. In light of newly coming knowledge, this review intended to recapitulate the characteristics of new antidepressants and to consider the pivotal issues to develope guidelines for the treatment of depression in childhood and adolescence. Methods：Searching the Pub-Med online database for the articles with the key words of 'new', 'antidepressants' and 'children' ninety-seven headings of review articles were obtained. The author selected the articles of pertinent subjects in terms of either treatment guideline or psychopharmacology of new antidepressants. When required, articles about the clinical effectiveness of individual antidepressants were separatedly searched. In addition, the safety information of new antidepressants was acquired by browsing the official sites of the United States Food and Drugs Administration and Department of Health and Human Services. Results：1) For the clinical course, treatment phase, and treatment outcome, the reviews or treatment guidelines adopted the information from adult treatment guidelines. 2) Systematic and critical reviews unambiguously concluded that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) excelled tricyclic antidepressants( TCAs) for both efficacy and side effect profiles, and were recommend for the first-line choice for the treatment of children with depressive disorders. 3) New antidepressants generally lacked treatment experiences and randomized controlled clinical trials. 4) SSRIs and other new antidepressants, when used together, might result in pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug-to-drug interaction. 5) The difference of the clinical effectiveness of antidepressants between children and adults should be addressed from developmental aspects, which required further evidence. Conclusion：Treatment guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of childhood and adolescence depression could be constructed on the basis of clinical trial findings and practical experiences. Treatment guidelines are to best serve as the frame of reference for a clinician to make reasonable decisions for a particular therapeutic situation. In order to fulfill this role, guidelines should be updated as soon as new research data become available.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.285-292
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• 2008

To investigate the effect of tillage methods on the silage barely growth and the soil environment in paddy field, liquid pig manure(LPM) was applied after harvesting rice at Jisan series soil for 2 years. Five plots, a LPM applied rate as N%; 0, 100, 150, 200(basal dressing) and 100(basal dressing)+50(additional fertilizer) were divided by tillage methods; non-tillage, non-tillage+rice straw and rotary tillage method. Emission amounts of $NH_3$ gas highly decreased in the rotary tillage and the non-tillage+rice straw plot compared to non-tillage plot. The contents of soil organic matter and exchangeable cation were increased in the applied LPM plot. $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents in soil were the highest in the non-tillage+rice straw plot and followed by the rotary tillage and highly decreased along with the growth of plant. Run-off rate of mineral components were higher in order of the rotary tillage plot£æthe non-tillage plot£æthe non-tillage+rice straw plot and then leached to $SO_4$, $NO_3-N$, K plentifully. The yield of silage barley in dry weight was higher in order of the non-tillage+rice straw plot>the rotary tillage plot>the non-tillage plot. To estimate the feed value of silage barley, crude protein, acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents were analyzed. Crude protein and ADF contents were the highest at rotary tillage N150% plot as 9.7 and 29.4%, respectively. NDF contents was the highest at non-tillage+rice straw N150% plot as 56.7%. In conclusion, we recommend not to incinerate rice straw and to apply LPM at non-tillage status in cultivating the silage barley. This may prevent water pollution and increase barley yields.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.731-736
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• 1995

Background: Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for localized, operable non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Curative radiotherapy, however, is considered an alternative to surgery in patients with poor performance state, poor cardiopulmonary function, or who refuse surgery. However, the difference in prognosis after surgery and radiotherapy is not well established in the patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Method: To evaluate the difference in progonsis between surgery and radiotherapy in stage I non-small cell lung cancer, a retrospective study was done with 15 patients treated with curative radiotherapy and 24 patients treated with curative surgery. Results: The overall response rate was 80%, with 33% complete response, after radiotherapy. The median survival time of the patients with radiotherapy was 14.9 months, with 2-year and 5-year survival rates of 22% and 0%, respectively. The median survival time of the patients with surgery was 37.7months, with 2-year and 5-year survival rates of 65% and 41%, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that surgery is better than the radiotherpy in view of survival rate and it is necessary to recommend, more strongly, curative surgery to patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer if the patients are able to receive operation. To compare, more accurately, the difference in prognosis by the modality of therapy, large multicenter study is needed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.1039-1046
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• 1998

Background: Sleep-related breathing disorders(SRBD) and periodic leg movements disorder(PLMD) are both common, and are considered as separate sleep disorders. However, both disorders show high comorbidity. SRBD and PLMD can result in excessive daytime sleepiness and insomnia due to frequent sleep fragmentation. So, it is very important to consider the presence of PLMD, when we are dealing with the diagnosis and management of SRBD. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of PLMD in patients with SRBD, and to describe any differences between patients with and without PLMD. Method: The authors reviewed the sleep recordings of 106 patients with a final diagnosis of SRBD(obstructive sleep apnea or upper airway resistance syndrome), who underwent full nocturnal polysomnography, including the monitoring of the anterior tibialis electromyogram. All sleep records were recorded and scored using the standard criteria. The data was analyzed by the student t-test. Result: 106 patients(M=76, F=30) were included in the analysis. Data revealed a mean age of $49.5{\pm}13.6$ years, a respiratory disturbance index(RDI) of $22.3{\pm}25.4$/hour sleep, a lowest oxygen saturation of $84.9{\pm}11.3%$, a maximal esophageal pressure of $-41.0{\pm}19.1cmH_2O$, and PLM index(PLMI) of $13.1{\pm}22.4$movements/hour sleep. Forty four percent(47 of 106 patients) had a PLMI of greater than 5 on this study. The mean age of the patients with PLMD was significantly higher than that of the patients without PLMD(p<0.005). Female patients with SRBD accompanied more PLMD(p<0.05). The apnea index of the patients with PLMD was significantly lower than that of the patients without PLMD(p<0.01). The percentage of stage 1 sleep in the patients with PLMD was significantly lower than that of the patients without PLMD(p<0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of PLMD in the patients with SRBD was high at 44.3%. The patients with PLMD were older and had more high RDI in comparison to the patients without PLMD, which was consistent with previous findings. The authors recommend that more careful consideration of PLMD is required when diagnosing and treating SRBD.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.215-221
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Recently the populations of patients receiving implant surgery are greatly increase for maintaining oral health. Purpose: This study was conducted for implanted patients to assess the chewing ability patient satisfaction level and changes in quality of life before and after the implant surgery. Material and methods: The current study subjected 109 adult patients, older than 20 years of age, who received implant surgery from December, 2006 to October, 2007 at the 6 dental clinics located at Daegu and Ulsan metropolitan cities. Twice of surveys were conducted for the patients before and after receiving the dental implant surgery. Results: As the motivation of receiving implant surgery, 45.9% of the patients selected the surgery for the chance o "f chewing function recovery", and " failure of treatment and complications" was found to be the most worrisome at the time of surgery by recording 38.5%.The satisfaction level before the implant surgery scored 30.37, while the score was increased to 45.01 after the surgery by showing a significant difference before and after receiving the surgery(P<.001). Regard on the surgery, 91.8% of the patients responded as "Satisfy", and 89% of the study subjects responded that they have willingness to recommend the surgery to their families and friends. The chewing ability score measured by using the surveys on edible foods, the score before the surgery was 15.24, while the score was increased to 19.11 after the surgery by showing a significant difference before and after receiving the surgery(P<.001). The quality of life score was also found to be increased to 11.17 after the surgery from 9.99 before the surgery by showing a significant difference(P<.001). Conclusion: In a future, the studies on the numbers of implanted loss teeth and the location of tooth loss are necessary, more long-term follow study are needed, and it is thought to be necessary to enlarge the sample size of subjects in conducting the studies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2014

Marine algal flora and community structure were seasonally investigated at four sites in the vicinity of the Igidae on the southern east coast of Korea from May 2010 to February 2011. A total of 66 species including 9 of Chlorophyta, 14 of Phaeophyta, 43 of Rhodophyta were found during the survey period. Among these species, 16 species were found throughout the year. Seasonal mean biomass in wet weight was 123.6 (spring), 2,061.6 (summer), 412.0 (autumn), 678.9 (winter) $g{\cdot}m^{-2}$. Maximum biomass was recorded in summer($2,061.6g{\cdot}m^{-2}$), and minimum was recorded in spring($123.6g{\cdot}m^{-2}$). Spatial maximum and minimum species number were recorded at station 3 and 4(50 species) and at station 1(47 species). At station 1, 2 directly exposure on Yongho and Daeyeon cheon (stream) run off, and discharge from Nambu sewage treatment plants near coastal area, species diversity was relatively low and dominant species were similar throughout four seasons. The R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P value reflecting flora characteristics were 3.07, 0.64 and 3.71, respectively. The flora investigated could be classified into six functional groups such as coarsely branch form 39.39 %, sheet form 30.30 %, thick leather form 13.64 %, filamentous form 12.12 %, crustose form 3.03% and jointed calcareous form 1.52 % during survey period. The number of marine algae species in Igidea were 96 species at 1996 to 1997 and 66 species at 2010 to 2011, respectively. The change of seaweed species is due to the pollution loaded from sewage treatment plant and stream. We thus recommend that the positive maintenance control method like sewage treatment, for the protection of seaweed bed should be proceeded to near coastal area.