• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제32권4A호
• /
• pp.237-244
• /
• 2012

콘크리트는 재료적으로 인장에 취약하고 변형에 취성이 크다는 태생적 단점을 갖고 있다. 콘크리트 조직에 인장에 강한 작은 섬유를 혼합한 섬유보강콘크리트는 이러한 취약점을 보완할 수 있는 좋은 방법으로 간주되었으며, 많은 종류의 섬유재료와 방법들이 제안되었다. 그러나 이 섬유보강콘크리트에도 아직까지 해결하지 못한 문제로서 균질한 배합이 힘들고 높은 체적비를 갖는 섬유 혼입의 어려움 등이 있다. 최근에 새로운 개념의 규칙적 다공질 금속(periodic cellular metal)이 개발되어 기계 분야에 많이 적용되고 있는 철선으로 직조된 카고메 트러스가 있다. 이 논문은 기존 강섬유보강콘크리트의 현실적 문제점을 해결하기 위한 방법의 일환으로 카고메 트러스의 적용 가능성을 검토하기 위한 기초 실험 연구 결과를 정리한 것이다. 3종류의 카고메 트러스로 보강된 실험체와 동일한 제원의 수직스터럽으로 보강된 보 실험 결과와 비교하였다. 그 결과, 카고메 트러스 보강 실험체에서는 강도와 연성이 보통 스터럽 보강 보 보다 더 우수한 결과를 나타냈으며, 복부 보강재로서 우수한 기능을 할 수 있는 것으로 판명되었다.

• 사상체질의학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.10-17
• /
• 2002

1. Objects of Research This research is purposed to find Dong-mu's thought on 'Knowing-Airing(知行), through summarizing sentences related to 'Knowing-Acting(知行)'proposed in his writings. 2. Methods of Research It was researched bibliologically with Dong-mu's chief medical writings such as ${\ulcorner}$Gyukchigo(格致業)${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Dongyi Soose Bowon(東醫壽世保元)${\lrcorner}$ , ${\ulcorner}$Dongyi Soose Bowon Sasang Chobongyun(東醫壽世保元四象草本卷${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Dong-mu's posthumos work(東武遺葉)${\lrcorner}$. 3. Results and Conclusions 1.'Knowing(知)'is related to recognition of 'Mind(心)' and 'Acting(行)' is related to practice of 'Body(身)' in ${\ulcorner}$Gyukchigo(格致藁)${\lrcorner}$ . 'Knowing-Acting(知行)' in ${\ulcorner}$Gyukchigo(格致藁)${\lrcorner}$ is regard as a important factor to reach the state of 'Golden mean(中庸)' by 'Perception of Man(知人)' 2. 'Knowing-Acting(知行)' in ${\ulcorner}$Dongyi Soose Bowon Sasang Chobongyun(東醫壽世保元四象草本卷${\lrcorner}$ is thought to recognize and practice marals such as 'Humanity Justice propriety Wisdom(仁義禮智)' and 'Loyality Filialpiety Friendahip Fraternity(忠孝友悌)'. It was proposed that people are classified into Sasang Constition by 'Knowing-Acting(知行)' in ${\ulcorner}$Dongyi Soose Bowon Sasang Chobongyun(東醫壽世保元四象草本卷${\lrcorner}$ 3. 'Knowing-Acting(知行)' in ${\ulcorner}$Dongyi Soose Bowon(東醫壽世保元四象草本卷)${\lrcorner}$ is difffrent from 'Knowing-Acting(知行)' in ${\ulcorner}$Dongyi Soose Bowon Sasang Chobongyun(束醫壽世保元圖象草本卷${\lrcorner}$ 'Knowing(知)'is conception of marals such as 'Humanity Jusrire propriety Wisdom(仁義禮智)' and Loyality Filialpiety Friendship Fraternity(忠孝友悌)'. 'Acting(行)' is conception of productivity such as 'Scholar Farm Engineer Merchannt(士農工商)' and 'Field Residence District Nation (田業邦國). 4. 'Knowing-Acting(知行)' in ${\ulcorner}$Dong-mu's posthumos work(東武遺葉)${\ulcorner}$ was c1assified into large and small one. The large one is private and the small one is public. It is imponant to become sincere and respectful for achieve 'Ideal medium of Knowing-Acting.'.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.336-345
• /
• 1999

This study looks at the various alternative therapy methods used in day to day life by elderly, over 60 years of age. The elderly have come to know and practice these methods for the following reasons it is good for the health ; it is the method used in the of fen days when there wesn't modern medicine ; it has been passed down from generations ; it can be done at home without having the need to go to the hospital ; acupuncture or poulticing can be used ; it can be done at home, which was an important factor in rural areas where hospitals are few and far between ; and 〔herbal〕 medicine could be prepared at home at no cost ; it derives from experience ; it is impossible to ignore tradition passed down through the generations. Diet control and plants (herbs) are methods most often used. as they are easy to find and can be readily used in critical situations. Other methods include oriental medicine practices of moxibustion with moxa cone, negative therapy, hand and finger acupunture, finger press method. ordinary acupunture, manual healing methods of massage. diaphoretic therapy and meditation to reach a state of calm, and qigong dirigation. The reasons for its use are as follows ; it has been used before ; it is effective ; there is some improvement after the treatment ; it is not harmful to the body ; medicine cannot be obtained and it is the only thing available ; it is not good for an old person to go to the hospital everyday. the symptoms are not serious enough to go to a hospital : and acupuncture is for these things. The means that the elderly have come to practice these methods are : it has been used since the past ; it has been told by the elders ; they have been told by friends ; it was part of their knowledge ; and they have come to know by watching their mother. Further, to regain vitality lost through old age, the elderly have relied on hot soup. a hearty meal. brewed honey water, pumpkin, or ginseng. Humans, by instinct. would rub or massage the areas that caused pain. These actions, combined with a breathing technique have been recognized in Tong-Eui-Bo-Gam(the essential of eastern medicine), the complete work of early modern medicine, are a useful means to revive chi(기). This knowledge is thought to have greatly affected our heathy lifestyle. Furthermore, though the demand for medical services would increase with age, the elderly have not always been able to tend to their needs at the hospital for reasons economic or other. Hence, these alternative therapy methods seem to have been practiced as a temporary means of relief. The excellence of our traditional therapeutic custom has not received full recognition due to the argument relating to its scientific merits. As a result, it has become vital to prove their effectiveness through scientific and other experimental means. The potency of moxibustion with moxa cone and hand and finger acupunture have been proven scientifically. but diet and herbal methods appear to be practiced as a result of customs passed down from generations. In addition, it is submitted that the effectiveness of the traditional methods of disease control and our heathy lifestyle that are easily found in the nursing field must be verified.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.643-664
• /
• 1997

This study is to provide evidence-based recommendations for the most-effective treatments of benign prostatic hyperplasia based on patient preference or clinical need, and to meta-analyze the Korean literatures for the development of BPH treatment guidelines. For these analyses, extensive literature searches (208 articles), with priority given to the Korean Journal of Urology, were conducted from 1960 to August, 1996. Meta-analysis, like all statistical analysis, has two main functions: data summarization (qualitative meta-analysis) and smoothing o. pattern recognition (quantitative meta-analysis). As well, critical reviews and syntheses with the mean and 90-percent confidence intervals for the likelihood were used to evaluate empirical evidence and significant outcomes of the BPH treatment literatures (106 articles). For this task, the Methodologic Panel for BPH Guidelines was composed of multidisciplinary experts in the field. The results of the study were summarized as follows: For all that watchful waiting is an appropriate treatment strategy for the majority of patients with prostatism, we couldn't find the Korean literatures which carried this article. The literatures on alpha-1-adrenergic receptor blockers provide no evidence to suggest that any one alpha blocker is more effective than another. The finasteride reduces the size of the prostate, on average, and leads to a small yet perceptible reduction in sysptoms. Of all treatment options, prostate surgery with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP), and so on, offers the best chance for symptom improvement. However, surgery also has the highest rates of significant complications. Therefore, surgery need not always be a treatment of last resort. Balloon dilation of the prostatic urethra is clearly less effective than surgery in relieving symptoms, but it is associated with fewer complications. Emerging technologies for treating BPH include lasers, coils, stents, thermal therapy and hyperthermia. Established technologies will also be reanalyzed as results of new trials are reported. Although this study has some limitations due to lacking for good quality literatures, ' it provides a cornerstone for our medical research. It represents the most current scientific knowledge regarding the clinical epidemiology including treatment of BPH. It will be revised and updated as needed.

• 산업융합연구
• /
• 제21권8호
• /
• pp.59-67
• /
• 2023

본 연구는 개인변인(참여동기, 리더십생활기술, 노화인식), 대인관계 변인(대상자, 동료, 직원과의 관계), 기관변인(인정보상, 기관교육 유무)이 자원봉사활동 지속성에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 서울시에 소재한 자원봉사센터 및 지역봉사 기관에서 활동하고 있는 40세 이상 64세 이하 여성을 대상으로 2019년 8월 2일부터 20일 동안 설문 조사를 실시하였고 질문지는 총 300부 배포하여 298부 회수했으며, 이 중 무응답과 결측치를 제외한 총 180부를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 자료분석은 빈도분석, 기술통계분석, 상관분석, 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 개인변인인 리더십생활기술과 참여동기, 대인관계 변인인 동료와의 관계, 기관변인인 인정보상은 자원봉사활동 지속성에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 중년 여성의 자원봉사활동 지속성을 활성화 시키고 유지하기 위한 실천적 및 정책적 제언과 실천 현장에서 활용할 프로그램 개발을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하자 한다.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.5-18
• /
• 2010

Library and information research is often directed towards either the management of resources (e.g., the economics of resource management), their storage and retrieval (e.g., much information retrieval research), and the users of these resources (the whole area of information behaviour. However, the question that is less often asked is, "What research do librarians want to have carried out to help them in their work?" Clearly, some of the topics just mentioned will fall into the priority areas, but what do librarians actually perceive will be of use to them. There is a notion that a research-practice gap exists in the field and perhaps the reason for that is that researchers do not ask the practioners what research will be of value to them. To find an answer to this question on a global basis would, of course, be impossible - at least impossible without the level of funding that would be difficult to obtain from any source. However, it is possible to carry out research on a national level that could prove useful both to practitioners and to the library and information research community. This was the aim of a project, supported by the Svensk Biblioteksf$\"{o}$rening (Swedish Library Association), which was carried out in 2008/2009. Ideas on potential research projects were collected from librarians themselves, from discussion group archives and from the professional journals in a number of countries. These ideas were then grouped thematically and formed the basis of two rounds of a Delphi process to solicit the opinions of a panel of librarians in different sectors, recommended by their peers as 'expert' in their field. The Delphi process was concluded with a workshop involving a subset of the panel. This paper will report on the results of the investigation, which attracted a great deal of interest within the profession in Sweden, and will also reflect on issues that were ranked lowly in the investigation. For example, not a great deal of priority was given to topics relating to the development and use of technology: why was this? And would the same result be found in other countries? One major area of research interest was into the future of libraries and a topic of relevance here, especially for academic and research libraries, is the changing information behaviour of researchers: what, now, do researchers want of libraries? Clearly, technology is playing a role here, but digitized resources and the World Wide Web may not be the answer to every researcher's need. Research into libraries and research for libraries ought to figure largely in the profession's view of its aims, objectives and visions of the future: but for it to do so requires a recognition that the work will not be done unless researchers and practitioners come together to determine how to approach the future.

• 한국응급구조학회지
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.31-44
• /
• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of emergency medical services(EMS) is to save human lives and assure the completeness of the body in emergency situations. Those who have been qualified on medical practice to perform such treatment as there is the risk of human life and possibility of major physical and mental injuries that could result from the urgency of time and invasiveness inflicted upon the body. In the emergency medical activities, 119 emergency medical technicians mainly perform the task but they are not able to perform such task independently and they are mandatory to receive medical direction. The purpose of this study is to examine the recognition and request for medical direction by 119 emergency medical technicians in order to provide basic information on the development of medical direction program suitable to the characteristics of EMS as well as for the studies on EMS for the sake of efficient operation of pre-hospital EMS. Method : Questionnaire via e-mail was conducted during July 1-31, 2010 for 675 participants who are emergency medical technicians, nurses and other emergency crews in Gyeongbuk. The effective 171 responses were used for the final analysis. In regards to the emergency medical technicians' scope of responsibilities defined in Attached Form 14, Enforcement regulations of EMS, t-test analysis was conducted by using the means and standard deviation of the level of request for medical direction on the scope of responsibilities of Level 1 & Level 2 emergency medical technicians as the scale of medical direction request. The general characteristics, experience result, the reason for necessity, emergency medical technicians & medical director request level, medical direction method, the place of work of the medical director, feedback content and improvement plan request level were analyzed through frequency and percentage. The level of experience in medical direction and necessity were analyzed through ${\chi}^2$ test. Results : In regards to the medical direction experience per qualification, the experience was the highest with 53.3% for Level 1 emergency medical technicians and 80.3% responded that experience was helpful. As for the recognition on the necessity of medical direction, 71.3% responded as "necessary" and it turned out to be the highest of 76.9% in nurses. As for the reason for responding "necessary", the reason for reducing the risk and side-effects from EMS for patients was the largest(75.4%), and the reason of EMS delay due to the request of medical direction was the highest(71.4%) for the reason for responding "not necessary". In regards to the request level of the task scope of emergency medical technicians, injection of certain amount of solution during a state of shock was the highest($3.10{\pm}.96$) for Level 1 emergency rescuers, and the endotracheal intubation was the highest($3.12{\pm}1.03$) for nurses, and the sublingual administration of nitroglycerine(NTG) during chest pain was the highest($2.62{\pm}1.02$) for Level 2 emergency medical technicians, and regulation of heartbeat using AED was the highest($2.76{\pm}.99$) for other emergency crews. For the revitalization of medical direction, the improvement in the capability of EMS(78.9%) was requested from emergency crew, and the ability to evaluate the medical state of patient was the highest(80.1%) in the level of request for medical director. The prehospital and direct medical direction was the highest(60.8%) for medical direction method, and the emergency medical facility was the highest(52.0%) for the placement of medical director, and the evaluation of appropriateness of EMS was the highest(66.1%) for the feedback content, and the reinforcement of emergency crew(emergency medical technicians) personnel was the highest(69.0%) for the improvement plan. Conclusion : The medical direction is an important policy in the prehospital EMS activity because 119 emergency medical technicians agreed the necessity of medical direction and over 80% of those who experienced medical direction said it was helpful. In addition, the simulation training program using algorithm and case study through feedback are necessary in order to enhance the technical capability of ambulance teams on the item of professional EMS with high level of request in the task scope of emergency medical technicians, and recognition of medical direction is the essence of the EMS field. In regards to revitalizing medical direction, the improvement of the task performance capability of 119 emergency medical technicians and medical directors, reinforcement of emergency medical activity personnel, assurance of trust between emergency medical technicians and the emergency physician, and search for professional operation plan of medical direction center are needed to expand the direct medical direction method for possible treatment beforehand through the participation by medical director even at the step in which emergency situation report is received.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2007

본 연구는 제7차 교육과정에 따른 중학교 $\ulcorner$기술 가정$\lrcorner$ 교과 교사용 지도서에 대한 가정 교사의 인식 및 활용실태를 분석하여 우리 교육 현실에 맞는 새로운 교사용 지도서의 개발에 대한 참고 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 연구 자료는 이메일을 통하여 수집하였는데 전국의 중학교를 대상으로 서울시교육청 및 각 도교육청 그리고 각 광역시 교육청에 등록되어 있는 중학교 홈페이지를 방문하여, 홈페이지에 등록되어 있는 가정 교사의 이메일을 토대로 하였으며, 설문은 Web을 구축하여 사이트에 접속해서 답변을 할 수 있게 하였다. 855명에게 이메일을 발송한 결과 366명이 설문에 응답을 해주었으나 기술교사 9명과 중복 답변 2명을 제외한 355명의 응답이 분석에 사용되었다. 자료는 SPSS 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석, t-test, 일원분산분석(One-way ANOVA)을 하였으며, 사후검증으로 Duncan's Multiple Range Test를 실시하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가정 교사들은 교사용 지도서에 대해 필요성을 느끼고 있으나 필요성에 비해 교사용 지도서가 도움이 되지 못하며 따라서 만족도가 보통인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 교사용 지도서 활용교사가 미활용교사보다 교사용 지도서에 대해 긍정적으로 인식하고 있었으며, 기술교육 전공 교사가 가정교육 전공 교사보다 교사용 지도서가 더 도움이 된다고 하였다. 둘째, 가정 교사들은 교사용 지도서에서 가장 많이 참고하는 부분은 '차시별 지도의 실제'로 나타났고, 각 부분에 따라 총론은 '교수-학습 방법', 각론은 '차시별지도의 실제(학습내용해설)', 차시별 지도의 실제는 '학습 자료'와 '학습 내용 및 활동'으로 나타났다. 셋째, 교사용 지도서를 활용하지 않는 교사들은 교사용 지도서가 충분한 도움을 주지 못하거나 다른 참고 자료를 활용하기 때문인 것으로 나타났으며, 교사용 지도서 외에 인터넷 사이트, 시청각 자료를 가장 많이 참고하며, 이런 자료는 내용이 풍부하고 사용하기 편하기 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 교사용 지도서의 개선사항으로 수업에 활용할 수 있는 학습 자료의 제시, 다양한 교수-학습 과정안 제시, 수행평가 계획 및 기준에 대한 구체적 제시, 교과서 내용에 대한 충분한 보충 설명, 지도서의 외형적 체재 개선 모두에서 높게 나타났다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.33-44
• /
• 2005

국내 원자력 방사선 산업의 높은 성장과 전문 인력 수요의 증가는 기술 발전 단계관점에서 기술 공학자 혹은 중간기술자의 수요 확대를 가져왔다. 그러나 원자력 방사선 기술의 발전과 이용에 비해 전문인력 양성 교육기관은 빈약한 실정이다. 산업체에서 가장 필요로 하는 인력은 초중급 기술인력으로 이들을 양성할 교육기관이 필요하며 이들의 교육 수요를 만족시켜줄 가장 유리한 교육기관은 전문대학이라 하겠다. 따라서 현재 의료분야로 편중된 우리나라의 전문대학방사선과 교육과정을 산업체에서도 필요로 하는 교육과정을 개발하고자 한다. 연구개발의 내용과 그 범위는 크게 4가지로 구분하여 연구를 수행하였다. 첫 번째, 교육과정 시행의 대상인 방사선 산업체 관련 인력환경 기초 조사를 시행하였으며, 이를 위해 세부 시행 업무로서 국내의 방사선 산업체 종사자, 전문대학 방사선과 재학생과 교수를 대상으로 설문조사 및 분석을 하였다. 두 번째, 교육과정 개발에 필요한 기초 자료로서 국내외 방사선 관련 대학들의 사례를 통해 교육과정을 분석하였다. 또 이를 위해 국내, 일본, 미국의 방사선 관련 대학의 교육과정을 조사 및 분석하였다. 세 번째, 방사선 산업에 필요한 기초 과학 교과목과 방사선 전공 교과목을 개발하였다. 이 과정에서는 미국과 한국의 공학교육 인증원에서 제안하고 있는 원자력, 방사선 관련 교육 프로그램 지침을 참고로 하였다. 네 번째로 정규 교육과정에 필요한 교과목 즉 선택형 교과목을 개발하였는데, 여기에는 교과목 운영에 필요한 교육과정 개발과 정규 교육과정 이외의 심화과정 및 부전공제 운영 모델의 개발이 포함되었다. 연구의 핵심 결과는 방사선 산업체 업무 분야에 적합한 선택형 세부 교육과정을 제안하였는데, 각 대학의 특성과 교육 목표에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 첫 번째는 업무분야별 세부교육과정으로, 방사선 이용분야에 적합한 교과목과 방사선 안전관리 분야에 적합한 교과목을, 두 번째로 업체 유형별 세부교육과정으로 제조업체에 필요한 교과목, 비파괴검사업체에서 필요한 교과목, 판매기관에서 필요한 교과목, 그리고 연구소에서 필요한 교과목을 선정하였다. 또한 이러한 교과목을 시행하기 위하여 교과과정 2가지 운영 모델을 제안하였는데, 첫째는 현재 전문대학 방사선과 3년 과정에서 의료분야 전공과 산업분야전공 별로 전공제를 실시하는 방법과 둘째로, 전문대학을 졸업 후 심화과정(1년 과정)에서 산업방사선을 전공하도록 하는 방법이다. 운영모델을 좀더 효과적으로 운영하기 위해서는 보다 심도 있는 학제 연구와 더불어 교재의 개발이 전제되어야 하며, 교과운영에 필요한 교수인력, 실습공간, 기자재 등의 재정의 확보 역시 해결되어야 할 문제이다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.179-193
• /
• 2009

As the common saying attests, a publish-or-perish world, publishing is absolutely critical for academic researchers' successful careers. It is the most objectively-accepted academic performance criteria and the most viable way to attain public and academic recognition. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems(APJIS) has been recognized as the most influential domestic journal in Korean MIS field since July, 1991. Therefore, publishing in APJIS means your research is original, valid, and contributive. While most researchers learn how to publish an article in APJIS through a repetitive review process, thereby improving their chance of the' accepted' through their personal trial and error experiences, such valuable lessons and know-how tend to be kept personally and rarely shared. However, useful insights into research and publication skills could be also gained from sharing others' errors, neglect, and misjudgments which are equally critical in improving researchers' knowledge in the field (Murthy and Wiggins, 2002). For this reason, other academic disciplines make systematic efforts to examine the paper review process of major journals and share the findings from these studies with the rest of the research community members (Beyer et al., 1995; Cummings et al, 1985; Daft, 1995; Jauch and Wall, 1989; Murthy and Wiggins, 2002). Recognizing the urgent need to provide such type of information to MIS research community in Korea, we have chosen the most influential academic journal, APJIS with an intention to share the answer to the following research question: "What are the common problems found in the manuscripts either 'rejected' or 'required a major revision' by APJIS reviewers?" This study analyzes the review results of manuscripts submitted to APJIS (from January, 2006 to October, 2008), particularly those that were 'rejected' or required a 'major revision' at the first round. Based on Daft's(1995) study, twelve most-likelihood problems were defined and used to analyze the reviews. The twelve criteria for classification, or "twelve problems", are as follows: No theory, Concepts and operationalization not in alignment, Insufficient definition--theory, Insufficient rationale--design, Macrostructure--organization and flow, Amateur style and tone, Inadequate research design, Not relevant to the field, Overengineering, Conclusions not in alignment, Cutting up the data, and Poor editorial practice. Upon the approval of the editorial board of APJIS, the total 252 reviews, including 11 cases of 2005 and 241 cases from July, 2006 to October, 2008, were received without any information about manuscripts, authors, or reviewers. Eleven cases of 2005 were used in the pilot test because the data of 2005 were not in complete enumeration, and the 241 reviews (113 cases of 'rejection' and 128 ones of 'major revision') of 2006, 2007, and 2008 were examined in this study. Our findings show that insufficient rationale-design(20.25%), no theory(18.45%), and insufficient definition--theory(15.69%) were the three leading reasons of 'rejection' and 'major revision.' Between these two results, the former followed the same order of three major reasons as an overall analysis (insufficient rationale-design, no theory, and insufficient definition-theory), but the latter followed the order of insufficient rationale--design, insufficient definition--theory, and no theory. Using Daft's three major skills-- 'theory skills', 'design skills', and 'communication skills'-- twelve criteria were reclassified into 'theory problems', 'design problems', and 'communication problems' to derive more practical implications of our findings. Our findings show that 'theory problems' occupied 43.48%, 'design problems' were 30.86%, and 'communication problems' were 25.86%. In general, the APJIS reviewers weigh each of these three problem areas almost equally. Comparing to other disciplines like management field shown in Daft's study, the portion of 'design problems' and 'communication problems' are much higher in manuscripts submitted to the APJIS than in those of Administrative Science Quarterly and Academy of Management Journal even though 'theory problems' are the most predominant in both disciplines.