• KSBB Journal
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.228-234
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• 2002

Factorial design model을 이용하여 A. xylinum KJ1의 BC생산을 위한 최적 배양조건을 결정하였다. 요인 분석을 위한 실험 계획법으로는 부분요인 분석을 통한 factorial model을 이용하였으며, 주요 실험인자인 탄소원 농도, 교반속도(rpm), 산소분압, CSL의 농도의 네 가지 factor의 영향에 의한 BC생산량의 변화를 측정하였다. SAS 프로그램을 이용하여 전체 24개의 실험계획에서 각각의 factor의 조합에 의한 BC 생산성에 관한 결과 및 예측값을 비교한 결과 BC 생산량 면에서는 상관계수($R^2$)가 0.91으로 이었고, 수율면에서는 상관계수($R^2$)는 0.81이다. 최적 BC 생산을 위한 각 factor들이 탄소원의 농도 4%, 교반속도 460 rpm, 산소분압 0.28 atm, CSL 농도 6%일 때, 이때의 BC 생산량은 11.67 g/L로 예측되었다. 그리고 BC 생산 수율면에서 최적 배양조건이 탄소원 농도 4%, 교반속도 564 rpm, 산소분압 0.21 atm, CSL 농도 2%일 때 최적의 수율 0.42 g/g를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 예측되었다. 결정된 최적 조건에서의 실증 실험 결과 11.47 g/L의 BC 생산량을 얻을 수 있었으며, 이는 fermentor상에서의 기본실험에서 얻은 4.83 g/L보다 2.4배 이상 향상된 결과이다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제60권4호
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• pp.464-469
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• 2015

공시된 교잡종에 대한 중요 식물학적 특성에 대해, 잡종강세를 양친 중간 값으로 나타낸 결과 공시종 중에서 잡종강세가 현저한 간장의 평균 값은 77.2%이었고 37.8% 착수고는 83.8%로 나타났다. 각 교잡종별 잡종강세 정도 간장의 경우 H-11에서 162%로 가장 높았고, 착수고는 H-14에서 116.7%로 높았다. 개화기는 대부분의 교잡종에서 부(-)의 값을 보여 교잡종이 교배친보다 개화기가 단축되었는데 특히 H-5는 -27%로 개화기가 빨랐다. 전체 이삭길이의 평균 잡종강세는 37.8%로 낮게 나타났으나 H-29 교잡종은 96.2%로 높 나타났다. 또한, 10개의 primer 이용한 계통간 상호교배에 의한 교잡종에 대한 SSR 마커를 이용한 유전적 거리에 대한 분석결과 크게 4그룹으로 분류 되었다. CNU16과 CNU14간에 가장 가까운 근연계수를 보였고, CNU6과 CNU9간 그리고 CNU19와 CNU13간에 가장 먼 근연계수를 보였다. 간장은 CNU454, CNU457간의 조합인 2군과 4군간의 조합에서 잡종강세가 162%로 가장 높았고, 이삭길이는 CNU258/CNU251, CNU915/CNU799 및 CNU427/CNU36 조합에서 높은 값을 보였다. 유전적 거리는 근연관계가 멀수록 값이 낮고, 반대로 근연관계가 가까울수록 유전적 거리는 낮게 나타나는데 이삭길이 등은 유전적 거리가 가까운 90%의 높은 값을 보였다.

• 한국노년학
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.83-102
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• 2017

본 연구는 생애과정관점에 기초하여 세대 간 지원교환에서 단기적 호혜성과 장기적 호혜성의 원리가 관찰되는지 확인하고, 자녀의 젠더에 따른 차이를 비교하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 장기적 호혜성을 살펴보기 위하여 자녀가 성인기전이과정 동안 부모에게 경제적 지원을 받은 정도가 중년이 된 자녀가 노부모에게 지원을 제공하는데 영향을 미치는지 확인하였고, 단기적 호혜성이 발견되는지 알아보기 위하여 현재 중년자녀가 노부모에게 지원을 받고 있는 것과 자녀가 노부모에게 지원을 제공하는 행동 사이의 관련성을 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 '한국 베이비부머 패널 조사' 2차년도(2012년 수집) 자료 중 자신의 부모 중 적어도 한 명 이상 생존하고 있는 베이비부머 남성 731명과 여성 893명을 연구대상으로 하였으며, 기술분석과 이항로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 아들은 딸에 비해 성인기 전이과정 동안 부모에게 더욱 높은 수준의 경제적 지원을 받은 것으로 나타났지만, 성인기 전이과정 동안 더 많은 경제적 지원을 받은 경험과 중년이 된 아들이 노부모에게 경제적지원이나 도구적 지원을 제공하는 행동 사이에는 관련성이 없는 것으로 나타나 장기적 호혜성이 발견되지 않았다. 둘째, 아들과 노부모 사이의 관계에서 단기적 호혜성이 발견되었다. 셋째, 딸이 노부모에게 도구적 지원을 제공함에 있어 단기적 호혜성과 장기적 호혜성의 원리가 모두 발견되었다. 성인기 전이과정 동안 더 많은 경제적 지원을 받은 경험과 현재 노부모에게 지원을 제공받고 있는 것은 중년의 딸이 노부모에게 도구적 지원을 제공할 가능성을 높이는 것으로 확인되었다. 넷째, 딸이 노부모에게 경제적 지원을 제공하는 행동에 있어서는 단기적 호혜성과 장기적 호혜성의 원리가 모두 발견되지 않았다. 딸이 노부모에게 경제적 지원을 제공하는 행동은 아들의 경우와 마찬가지로 자녀가 보유한 경제적 자원과 노부모의 경제적 필요와 밀접하게 관계되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 중년자녀가 노부모에게 지원을 제공함에 있어 장기적 단기적 호혜성의 원리가 나타나는 것을 확인했으며 이러한 원리가 자녀의 젠더와 지원영역에 따라 다르게 나타날 수 있음을 발견하였다. 본 연구는 한국의 맥락에서 자녀의 젠더에 따라 다르게 주어지는 부양책임을 고려하고, 보다 장기적 시각에서 세대 간 지원교환의 호혜성 원리를 살펴보았다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다. 후속연구에서는 보다 다양한 영역을 고려하여 장기적 호혜성을 바라보고, 세대관계가 놓인 친족관계 맥락으로 시각을 확장하는 것이 필요할 것이다.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.27-28
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• 2014

Beauveria bassiana (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) is an anamorphic fungus having a potential to be used as a biological control agent because it parasitizes a wide range of arthropod hosts including termites, aphids, beetles and many other insects. A number of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) have been isolated from B. bassiana and functionally verified. Among them, beauvericin and bassianolide are cyclic depsipeptides with antibiotic and insecticidal effects belonging to the enniatin family. Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) play a crucial role in the synthesis of these secondary metabolites. NRPSs are modularly organized multienzyme complexes in which each module is responsible for the elongation of proteinogenic and non-protein amino acids, as well as carboxyl and hydroxyacids. A minimum of three domains are necessary for one NRPS elongation module: an adenylation (A) domain for substrate recognition and activation; a tholation (T) domain that tethers the growing peptide chain and the incoming aminoacyl unit; and a condensation (C) domain to catalyze peptide bond formation. Some of the optional domains include epimerization (E), heterocyclization (Cy) and oxidation (Ox) domains, which may modify the enzyme-bound precursors or intermediates. In the present study, we analyzed genomes of B. bassiana and its allied species in Hypocreales to verify the distribution of NRPS-encoding genes involving biosynthesis of beauvericin and bassianolide, and to unveil the evolutionary processes of the gene clusters. Initially, we retrieved completely or partially assembled genomic sequences of fungal species belonging to Hypocreales from public databases. SM biosynthesizing genes were predicted from the selected genomes using antiSMASH program. Adenylation (A) domains were extracted from the predicted NRPS, NRPS-like and NRPS-PKS hybrid genes, and used them to construct a phylogenetic tree. Based on the preliminary results of SM biosynthetic gene prediction in B. bassiana, we analyzed the conserved gene orders of beauvericin and bassianolide biosynthetic gene clusters among the hypocrealean fungi. Reciprocal best blast hit (RBH) approach was performed to identify the regions orthologous to the biosynthetic gene cluster in the selected fungal genomes. A clear recombination pattern was recognized in the inferred A-domain tree in which A-domains in the 1st and 2nd modules of beauvericin and bassianolide synthetases were grouped in CYCLO and EAS clades, respectively, suggesting that two modules of each synthetase have evolved independently. In addition, inferred topologies were congruent with the species phylogeny of Cordycipitaceae, indicating that the gene fusion event have occurred before the species divergence. Beauvericin and bassianolide synthetases turned out to possess identical domain organization as C-A-T-C-A-NM-T-T-C. We also predicted precursors of beauvericin and bassianolide synthetases based on the extracted signature residues in A-domain core motifs. The result showed that the A-domains in the 1st module of both synthetases select D-2-hydroxyisovalerate (D-Hiv), while A-domains in the 2nd modules specifically activate L-phenylalanine (Phe) in beauvericin synthetase and leucine (Leu) in bassianolide synthetase. antiSMASH ver. 2.0 predicted 15 genes in the beauvericin biosynthetic gene cluster of the B. bassiana genome dispersed across a total length of approximately 50kb. The beauvericin biosynthetic gene cluster contains beauvericin synthetase as well as kivr gene encoding NADPH-dependent ketoisovalerate reductase which is necessary to convert 2-ketoisovalarate to D-Hiv and a gene encoding a putative Gal4-like transcriptional regulator. Our syntenic comparison showed that species in Cordycipitaceae have almost conserved beauvericin biosynthetic gene cluster although the gene order and direction were sometimes variable. It is intriguing that there is no region orthologous to beauvericin synthetase gene in Cordyceps militaris genome. It is likely that beauvericin synthetase was present in common ancestor of Cordycipitaceae but selective gene loss has occurred in several species including C. militaris. Putative bassianolide biosynthetic gene cluster consisted of 16 genes including bassianolide synthetase, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, and putative Gal4-like transcriptional regulator genes. Our synteny analysis found that only B. bassiana possessed a bassianolide synthetase gene among the studied fungi. This result is consistent with the groupings in A-domain tree in which bassianolide synthetase gene found in B. bassiana was not grouped with NRPS genes predicted in other species. We hypothesized that bassianolide biosynthesizing cluster genes in B. bassiana are possibly acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from distantly related fungi. The present study showed that B. bassiana is the only species capable of producing both beauvericin and bassianolide. This property led to B. bassiana infect multiple hosts and to be a potential biological control agent against agricultural pests.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.324-340
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• 1990

Support has always been considered an important nursing concept. However, there is no agreement among nurse researchers as to a conceptual definition of supportive nursing or meaningful supportive behaviors. Clarification of the concept, support in nursing, is necessary to promote communication among nurses on nursing behaviors that are effective in providing support and on understanding the relevant properties and charcteristics of the concept, supportive nursing care. The objectives of the study were : 1. to analyse the concept, support in nursing, in order to provide a definition of supportive nursing care, and 2. to operationalize the definition of supportive nursing care and use it as an experimental nursing intervention for patients with low back pain. The first part of the study used the concept analysis approach developed by Walker and Avant(1983) to define the concept of supportive nursing care. The properties of supportive nursing care, defined by this analysis, included perception of supportive need, reciprocal interaction(Transaction), listening, providing empathy and information related to health, and confirmation of the patient's verbal and non - verbal response. The second part, the experimental part of the study, was done using King's(1970) Interpersonal Theory for Nursing. The concept, supportive nursing care, as defined in the concept analysis was operationalized and used as the experimental intervention. The experiment tested the effectiveness of the independent variable, supportive nursing care on the dependent variables, depression, mood and patient satisfaction, in the patients with low back pain in army hospitals. The instruments used to measure the dependent variables were Zung's(1965) Self- Rating Depression Scale, Ryman and Colleagues'(1974) Mood Questionnaire and LaMonica and Colleagues'(1986) Patient Satisfaction Scale. The experimental design used for this study was a Solomon 4 group experimental design. This design has the strength of allowing for observation of the main effects of supportive nursing care and pretesting, and for observation of the interaction effects of pretesting and supportive nursing care. The design includes one experimental group and three control groups. The Subjects of this study were 150 young male patients with low back pain on Neuro - Surgical Wards in three general army hospitals. There were 35 in the experimental group, 39 in the pre - posttest control group, 36 in the treatment - posttest control group and 40 in the posttest only control group. Supportive nursing care, as operationalized by the researcher according to the concept analysis, was given to the patients in the experimental group and the treatment -posttest control group, individually for 30 minute sessions, every other day for 5 days. Data collection was done using a questionnaire. The data were collected in a pretest one week before the supportive nursing care sessions, a posttest immediately after the sessions and follow- up test one week later. Hypotheses testing was done using 2×2 factorial analysis of variance and Meta analysis(Stouffer's Z method). The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Hypothesis Ⅰ, “There will be a difference on depression level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who do not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (F＝8.49, p＜.05). 2. Hypothesis Ⅱ, “There will be a difference on mood level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who to not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (Z meta＝2.17, p＜.05). 3. Hypothesis Ⅲ, “There will be a difference on satisfaction level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who do not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (F＝13.67, p＜.05). 4. ANOVA, done to examine the interaction effect of history and maturation, showed no significant difference on the dependent variables between the observations of the pretest scores of the experimental group, the pretest scores of the pre- posttest control group and the posttest score of the posttest only control group. 5. To test for continuing effect of supportive nursing care, paired t-test was done to compare the scores for the dependent variables at the posttest and at the one week later follow-up test. No significant difference on the scores for the dependent variables was found between the posttest scores and the follow-up test scores for the two groups that received supportive nursing care, the experimental group and the treatment-posttest control group. In conclusion, it was found that in the case of young soldiers with low back pain in army hospitals, their depression level was decreased, their mood state was changed positively and their satisfaction level was increased by receiving supportive nursing care. Further, the effectiveness of the supportive nursing care lasted for at least one week in this study. The significance of this study to nursing is in the analysis of the concept of supportive nursing care and the demonstration of the effectiveness of supportive nursing care as an intervention within the limits of the study.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제3권
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• pp.78-98
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• 1997

Health education, as the most fundamental concept for national health promotion, alms for developing the self-care ability of the general public. High school days are regarded as the period when most important physical, mental and social developments occur, and most health-related behaviors are formed. School health education is one of the major learning resources influencing health potential in the home and community as well as for the individual student. High school health education in Korea has a fundamental systemic flaw in that health-related subjects are divided and taught under various subjects areas at school. In order to achieve the goal of school health education, it is essential to make a systematic assessment of the learner's concerns connected with his health and life, and the factors affecting them. So far, most of the research projects that had been carried out for improving high school health education were limited in their concerns to a particular aspect of health. Even though some had been done in view of comprehensive school health education, they failed to Include a health assessment of the learner. Therefore, in this study the high school students' concerns related to health and life were investigated in the first place on the basis of the PRECEDE model, developed by Green and others for the purpose of a comprehensive diagnostic research on high school health education. This study was done in two steps : one was the basic study for developing research instrument and the other was the main one. The former was conducted at five high schools in Seoul and Cheongju for 2 months-beginning in March, 1996. The students were asked to respond to questions related to their health and lives in unstructured open-ended question forms. On the basis of analysis of the basic study, the diagnostic instruments for the quality of life, health problems, health behavior and educational factors were constructed to be used for the collection of data for main study. An expert panel and the pilot study were used to improve content validity and reliability of the instruments. The reliability of the instruments was measured at between .7697 and .9611 by the Cronbach $\alpha$. The data for this study were collected from the sample consisted of the junior and senior classes of twenty general and vocational high schools in Seoul and Cheongju for two months period beginning in July, 1996. In analyzing the data, both t-test and $X^2$-test were done by using SAS-$PC^+$ Program to compare data between the sexes of the high school students and the types of high school. A canonical correlation analysis was carried out to determine the relationships among the diagnostic variables, and a multivariate multiple regression analysis was conducted by using LISREL 8.03 to ascertain the influences of variables on the high school students' health and quality of life. The results were as follows : 1) The findings of the hypothesis tests (1) The canonical correlation between the educational diagnosis variables and behavioral, epidemiological, social diagnosis variables was .7221, which was significant at the level of p<.001. (2) The canonical correlation between the educational diagnosis variables and the behavior variables was .6851, which also was significant (p<.001). (3) The canonical correlation between the behavioral diagnosis variables and the epidemiological variables was 4295, which was significant (p<.001). (4) The canonical correlation between the epidemiological diagnosis variables and the social variables was .6005, which was also significant (p<.001). Therefore, the relationship between each diagnosis variable suggested by the PRECEDE model had been experimentally proven to be valid, supporting the conceptual framework of the study as appropriate for assessing the multi-dimensional factors affecting high school students' health and quality of life. Health behavior self-efficacy, the level of parents' interest and knowledge of health, and the level of the perception of school health education, all of which are the educational diagnostic variables, are the most influential variables in students' health and quality of life. In particular, health behavior self-efficacy, a causative factor, was one of the main influential variables in their health and quality of life. Other diagnostic variables suggested in the steps of the PRECEDE model were found to have reciprocal relations rather than a unidirectional causative relationship. The significance of this research is that it has diagnosed the needs of high school health education by the learner-centered assessment of variety of factors related to the health and the life of the students. This research findings suggest an integrated system of school health education to be contrived to enhance the effectiveness of the education by strengthening the influential factors such as self-efficacy to improve the health and quality of the lives of high school students.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2005

천부 탄성파 굴절법 탐사를 이용하여 굴절이 발생하는 지층의 속도를 산출하는 것은 ill-posed 문제이다. 계산된 시간 변수들에서의 작은 변화들이 이로부터 산출된 속도들에 커다란 수평적 변화를 가져올 수 있으며 이는 종종 역산 알고리듬의 인위적인 오차를 유발한다. 이러한 인위적인 오차들은 모델링을 통해 인지되거나 보정되지 않는다. 그러므로 만약 모델에 근거한 역산을 통해 정밀한 지하 굴절 모델을 얻고자 한다면 정확한 초기 모델이 필요하다. 탄성파속도에서 인위적인 오차의 원인은 일반적으로 불규칙한 굴절면에 있다. 대부분의 경우에 GRM 방법을 이용하면 불규칙한 굴절면을 다룰 수 있고 굴절면의 정밀한 초기 모델을 만들 수 있다. 하지만 지표에 매우 가까운 극천부 지역 또한 불규칙하다면 GRM 방법의 효능은 감소하고 풍화대 보정이 필요하다. 천부 불균질대에 대한 일반적인 보정방법들은 수평적 확장이 제한된 극천부지역의 불균질대의 경우 효과적이지 못하다. 이럴 경우 GRM 평활화 통계적 방법(Smoothing Statics Method; SSM)이 지층의 속도를 좀 더 정확하게 평가할 수 있는 간단하고 실용적인 방법이다. GRM SSM 방법은 제로 XY 값을 가지고 계산된 시간-심도값들로부터 실제 XY 값을 가지고 얻어진 시간-심도값들의 평균값을 빼줌으로써 평활화 정보정을 수행한다. 심도가 깊어질수록 시간-심도값들이 XY 값에 따라 크게 변하지 않으므로 이들의 평균값은 최적값과 훨씬 더 같아진다. 그러나 극천부의 불균질대에 대해 시간-심도값들은 XY 값들이 증가함에 따라 수평적으로 이동하고 평균화 과정을 통해 대폭 감소한다. 결과적으로, XY값들에 대해 평균화된 시간-심도단면도는 천부의 불균질대에 대한 보정에 효과적이다. 또한 제로 XY 값을 가지고 계산된 시간-심도값들은 천부 불균질대의 영향과 대상 굴절면에 대한 시간-심도값들의 합으로 주어지므로 그들의 차는 정보정을 위해 주시로부터 빼주어야 할 대략적인 값들을 제공한다. GRM SSM 방법은 결정론적인 풍화대에 대한 보정법이라기 보다는 평활화 과정이다. 이 방법은 수평적으로 확장이 매우 제한된 천부 불균질대에 대해 가장 효과적이다. 모델과 현장 적용 결과들을 통해 GRM SSM 방법을 이용하여 불규칙한 굴절면을 가진 지층들에 대해 좀 더 신뢰할 수 있는 정밀한 탄성파 속도를 산출할 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.