• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.249-270
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability and reciprocal effects of maternal parenting stress and perceived social support in early childhood. Specifically, we compared these relations for working and nonworking mothers. The second through fourth wave data of the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) were used in this study. Data were analyzed using t-tests, correlations, and autoregressive cross-lagged modeling analyses. First, parenting stress of non-working mothers was higher than that of working mothers and working mothers perceived higher levels of social support compared to nonworking mothers. Second, both maternal parenting stress and social support were stable over time. Third, there were significant reciprocal effects between maternal parenting stress and perceived social support. Differences between working and non-working mothers were found in the paths from parenting stress to social support. The implications of the stability and reciprocal effects of parenting stress and perceived social support and the difference between working and non-working mothers in the relationship of the two constructs have been discussed.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examines the impact of individual reciprocal preferences on coalition formation. The reciprocal model considers a player's own payoff, the player's perception of others' payoffs, and others' perceptions of the player's payoff. Research design, data and methodology: A reciprocal model is built to illustrate how reciprocity influences individual decisions in a coalition game and its formation. The prediction is examined with experimental evidences from a dictator game and a membership game. Results: The theoretical result suggests that the coalition formation could be unstable due to negative reciprocal kindness. The experimental findings support that negative reciprocal kindness could lead players participating in a coalition, no matter their dominant strategies are. When subjects were essential to make contributions to a coalition, they were more likely to cooperate if they were treated badly. In contrast, when subjects were unnecessary, the reciprocal kindness could enhance cooperative tendencies. Conclusions: This study reveals that the reciprocal behavior could influence individual decisions and reshape the coalition formation. In terms of policy implications, this study has shown that coalition formation could be reshaped by reciprocal prefe rences. Due to the strategic and complicated decision process in an interactive environment, a comprehensive investigation of factors would be required in a climate coalition in practice.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.33-68
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• 2023

The present article investigates empirically whether non-reciprocal trade preferences (NRTPs) offered by QUAD countries (Canada, the European Union, Japan, and the United States) to developing countries have helped to promote economic growth in the beneficiary countries. Two main blocks of NRTPs are considered here: Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) programs and other trade preferences programs. The analysis used a set of 90 beneficiary countries of NRTPs that are concurrently recipients of development aid over the period of 2002-2018. Using the two-step system generalized method of moments, the analysis indicated that while a higher degree of utilization of each of these two blocks of NRTPs has been associated with a high economic growth rate, development aid enhances this positive effect. This highlights the need for donors to support a development strategy based on the provision of both development aid and NRTPs if they are to help beneficiary countries to promote economic growth. Finally, when the positive economic growth effect of the utilization of NRTPs is higher, the result is a greater country's share of exports (under preferential tariffs) to QUAD countries out of their total merchandise exports.

• 한국노년학
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.503-518
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• 2007

노인은 자녀로부터 일방적으로 지원을 받는 것이 아니라 자녀에게 지원을 하기도 하는 호혜적인 교환을 한다. 이러한 세대간 지원교환의 호혜성은 건강, 경제력 같은 노인의 역량뿐만 아니라 노인이 자녀들과 맺고 있는 관계적 속성에 의해서 다양하게 구조화된다. 호혜성의 다양성이 어떤 요인들에 의해서 결정되는지를 설명하기 위해서 구조화된 설문지를 이용하여 수집된 서울의 65세 이상 노인 730명을 분석하였다. 분석결과는 노부모-자녀의 관계적 속성이 지원교환의 호혜성에 독립적인 영향을 미치고, 자녀와 동거여부, 자녀수, 접촉빈도의 순으로 중요하다. 자녀와 동거하지 않는 노부모는 신체적 지원에서는 자녀로부터 지원을 받는 경향을 보이지만, 경제적 지원에서는 오히려 자녀를 지원하는 양상을 보인다. 자녀수와 접촉빈도는 노인이 자녀로부터 지원을 받도록 하는 쪽으로 영향을 미친다. 노인이 선호하는 아들유무는 커다란 관련성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 노인의 역량 중에서 건강상태는 신체적 지원은 물론이고 정서적 및 재정적 지원교환에도 모두 결정적으로 중요하지만, 경제력은 재정적 지원교환에만 관련되어 있다. 세대지원의 호혜성에 가장 결정적인 요인은 노부모의 건강 상태이며, 노부모는 부모로서의 역할과 의무로 받아들여 자녀에 대한 지원을 계속하게 된다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2005년도 ICCAS
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• pp.631-637
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• 2005

This paper presents a stiffness analysis method for a low-DOF parallel manipulator, which takes into account of elastic deformations of joints and links. A low-DOF parallel manipulator is defined as a spatial parallel manipulator which has less than six degrees of freedom. Differently from the case of a 6-DOF parallel manipulator, the serial chains in a low-DOF parallel manipulator are subject to constraint forces as well as actuation forces. The reaction forces due to actuations and constraints in each limb can be determined by making use of the theory of reciprocal screws. It is shown that the stiffness model of an F-DOF parallel manipulator consists of F springs related to the reciprocal screws of actuations and 6-F springs related to the reciprocal screws of constraints, which connect the moving platform to the fixed base in parallel. The $6{times}6$ stiffness matrix is derived, which is the sum of the stiffness matrices of actuations and constraints. The six spring constants can be precisely determined by modeling the compliance of joints and links in a serial chain as follows; the link can be considered as an Euler beam and the stiffness matrix of rotational or prismatic joint can be modeled as a $6{times}6$ diagonal matrix, where one diagonal element about the rotation axis or along the sliding direction is zero. By summing the elastic deformations in joints and links, the compliance matrix of a serial chain is obtained. Finally, applying the reciprocal screws to the compliance matrix of a serial chain, the compliance values of springs can be determined. As an example of explaining the procedure, the stiffness of the Tricept parallel manipulator has been analyzed.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2019

The main purpose of the research is to examine impact of organizational justice and perceived organizational support on effectiveness of crime control in police organizations. This research employs a survey questionnaire to measure organizational justice, perceived organizational support, and effectiveness of crime control. The number of subject of the study is 285 police officers working in Daegu metropolitan city and some cities of Gyeongsangbuk-do province. The study employs regression analysis to analyze the effect of organizational justice and perceived organizational support on police performance. As the result of analysis, the effect of organizational justice on effectiveness of crime control is statistically significant at the level 0.01, perceived organizational support at the level 0.05. The key finding of this study is that in the performance-based management system, the reciprocal relationships between managers and individual officers with organizational justice and perceived organizational support play an important role in building a sustainable growth system in the police.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.677-694
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• 2016

이 연구는 부모 자식 간 부양 교환의 실태를 파악하기 위하여 "2011년 노인실태조사"의 자료를 활용하여 65세 이상 노인의 부모 자식 간 부양 교환의 차이를 SPSS를 사용하여 분석하였다. 조사대상자의 일반적 특성과 부양 교환의 실태를 파악하기 위하여 빈도분석을 실시하였으며 인구사회학적 변인에 따른 부모 자식 간 부양 교환의 차이를 분석하기 위하여 교차분석과 다원변량분석을 실시하였다. 이 연구에서 밝힌 내용은 다음과 같다. 노인의 인구사회학적 특성에 따라 동거 비동거 자녀와 노인 간 부양 교환에는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 노화로 인한 신체적 쇠락과 은퇴로 인한 경제적 어려움이라는 한계로 인해 신체적, 경제적 부양교환은 대등하게 이루어지기 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 한편, 정서적 부양의 경우, 노인들이 오히려 자식에게 부양을 제공하는 비율이 높았다. 국가나 사회가 자녀만큼 노인 개개인의 정서적 욕구를 채워주기는 어려우므로 노인과 그들의 자녀 간의 교류가 무엇보다 중요한 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.32-43
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• 1996

The purpose of this case study was to introduce functional electrical stimulation(FES) for paraplegic patients. FES provides the ability to rise from sitting to standing, maintenance of a standing position, and the ability to walk with a reciprocal gait. Six channels of electrical stimulation are sufficient for synthesis of a simple reciprocal gait pattern in these patients. During the double-stance phase, knee extensor muscles of both knees are stimulated, providing sufficient support for the body. Only one knee extensor muscle group is excited during the single-stance phase. The swing phase of the contralateral lower extremity is accomplished by eliciting the synergic flexor muscle response through electrical stimulation of afferent nerves. The transition from the double-stance phase to the swing phase is controlled by two hand switches used by the therapist or built into the handles of the walking frame for using by the patient. A twenty-five years old male was with a T9/T9 spinal cord injury due to a traffic accident and admitted to Yonsei Rehabilitation Hospital for comprehensive treatment. After 30 days of training using the Parastep(R) he was able to stand for 10 minutes. After 43 days, he was able to walk and at discharged he could walk for 100 meters.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.23-45
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between young children's vocabulary ability and physical aggression in young children. Methods: Two waves of panel data(2013/2015) from the Panel Study of Korean Children were analyzed in this study by using an adapted version of Autoregressive cross-lagged modeling. A total of 306 five-year-old and seven-year-old preschoolers, and their mothers participated in the study. Autoregressive cross-lagged modeling for multiple groups was conducted by using AMOS 24.0. Results: First, vocabulary ability and physical aggression showed stability over time. Second, young children's vocabulary ability(t) had a statistically significant effect on physical aggression(t+1). Conclusion/Implications: This study confirmed the interrelationships of young children's vocabulary ability and physical aggression by examining longitudinal data using the longitudinal analysis method. This study highlights the importance of developing interventions to support language development with aggressive children. The results of the present study can be used as a source in developing policies for aggressive children and their parents.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.97-121
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• 2003

The reciprocal relationship between the interpersonal tie and the internet dependency is focused in the study. Mainly, chi-squire test and ANOVA are used in testing the hypothesized relationship of the internet dependency with the interpersonal tie before and after using internet. The strong relationship with the internet dependency is found in internet's both-directional communicating function such as chatting, game, gambling, etc. The level of internet dependency is high when individual's tie with friends, colleagues, or neighbors is strong; but it is lower when individual's emotional tie with family members is stronger. It is confirmed that excessive usage of internet damages family relationship. Conversely, it is also clear that the emotional support from family members is essential for preventing or enhancing internet dependency. This implies that internet dependency is not an individual problem, but that it should be treated under the consideration of his/her family system.