• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1973

1) The optimum temperature for mass rearing of stable fly was $26^{\circ}C$ centigrade. Number of days required for stage of development at $26^{\circ}C$ were 6.8 days for larval stage, 5.3 days for pupla stage, 10.4 days for preovipositionla stage, and 30 days for adult stage respectively. 3) The pupation rate, emergence rate and sex ratio were $80.7\%,\;84.3\%$ and 1 : 1, respectively. 3) The average weight of pupae was 14.5mg, and the standard medium showed better result in larvae rearing than wheat bran medium. 4) The optimum number of eggs for inoculation on 125gr medium was approximately 310. 5) Optimum size of resting place was determined as $2inch^2/adult$ when it reared in a rectangular cage.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.3 s.117
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• pp.413-417
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• 2006

Gammarus sobaegensis, a common amphipod crustacean in Korean mountain streams, was experimented in the laboratory in terms of two environmental factors, medium and temperature conditions, which are essential in laboratory rearing. Individuals of G. sobaegensis were collected from a small spring outlet beside Gapyeong stream in Gyeonggi-do, Korea, in December 2003. Survivorships of G. sobaegensis were evaluated from the effect on rearing media (distilled water: DW, tap water: TW, chironomid rearing medium: CM, and stream water: SW) and temperatures (10, 15, 20, and $25^{\circ}C$). As a result, G. sobaegensis was higher in survivorships at TW followed by SW, CM, and DW and at $10^{\circ}C$ followed by 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the growth rate and the optimal stocking density of sea cucumbers. Grow-out was studied in situ by conducting a follow-up survey using visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags. The rearing systems were made of polypropylene pipe for the frames and netting. The experiment ran for 70 days near Yeosu, Korea in the water depth of about 7 m. A total of 576 sea cucumbers which have three groups of body sizes (small: 5.15, medium: 12.34 and large: 23.26 g) were used. The five groups of stocking densities (150, 300, 450, 600 and $850g/m^2$) in rearing system for sea cucumber were considered. Sea cucumbers were fed a mixed diet (mud, mineral, fish meal, etc.). The feed was supplied to 10% of their body wet weight once every 7 days. The survival rate (73%) of sea cucumber in $850g/m^2$ was lower than those of other density groups ($150g/m^2$: 89%, $300g/m^2$: 84%, $450g/m^2$: 78% and $600g/m^2$: 86%). The survival rate of medium size group was higher than those of small and large groups regardless of the density (P<0.05). Most of density groups have no significant difference except for $850g/m^2$ (P>0.05). The growth rate of small size group ($0.63%day^{-1}$) was higher than those of medium ($0.38%day^{-1}$) and large ($0.34%day^{-1}$) group regardless of the density (P<0.05). The threshold water temperature was $11.0^{\circ}C$ for sea cucumber growth in winter season.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.453-464
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• 2016

This study started from the basis of necessity on the researches which asserts that parental rearing behavior in the modern society should change reflecting the social change of sociocultural environment. For this, parental rearing behavior of social constructivism and existing parental rearing behavior were contemplated while construct of parental rearing behavior was explored on the basis of main causes from Vygotsky's theory in order to prepare paradigm of new parental rearing behavior. As far as the method of study goes, various literature from relevant scholars were analyzed, centering various previously conducted studies pertaining to parental rearing behaviors as well as Vygotsky's theory. Also, the validity of the contents was confirmed through consult and revision from three experts. As the result, five factors were extracted. First, factor of cooperative interaction on social interaction. Secondly, emphasis on Internalization factor on social constructive behavior. Thirdly, potential development factor in zone of proximal development. Fourthly, instructional conversation factor as semiotic medium. Lastly, assistance factor as scaffolding. As a result, new paradigm of parental rearing behavior was presented and opened a prospect in developing the touchstone of parental rearing behavior pursuant to social constructivism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1735-1740
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• 2005

Forty-two single-bearing and 42 twin-bearing mature Angus${\times}$Hereford cows were allocated, seven per cell to 3 replications of 2 stocking rates (3.2 cows/ha; medium stocking rate [MSR], and 3.8 cows/ha; high stocking rate [HSR]) to graze summer-active and winter-active pastures from late pregnancy to the weaning of their calves. Cow liveweights and growth of calves were recorded as well as estimates of pasture quantity and forage intake. Pasture quantity did not differ in the paddocks grazed by single- and twin-bearing cows during pregnancy, nor effectively did forage intake. Subsequently, intake was higher during mid-lactation especially with twin-rearing cows (25% higher than single-rearing cows at the MSR; 9% at the HSR). However, quantity of pasture decreased for twin-rearing cows and was less than that available to single-rearing cows as lactation progressed. Liveweights of twinrearing cows decreased by 16% from late pregnancy to weaning at the MSR, and by 14% at the HSR, compared to decreases of 1% for single-rearing cows. Twin calves were lighter at birth, had slower growth rates, and were lighter at weaning than single calves. In spite of weaning smaller calves twinning increased the output (kg of calf weaned) per cow and per ha, and increased the efficiency (kg calf weaned per unit of forage eaten by the cow) over single calf production by 46% at the MSR and by 58% at the HSR. Twinning also increased the marginal returns from investment in high input pastures required by the enterprise.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2018

To know if small changes in rearing water temperature and density affect the number of bacterial and fungal colonies in metamorphosed frogs, Dybowski's frog tadpoles were reared from Gosner 25-26 stages at either low ($1^{\circ}C$ low to ambient water temperature), ambient, or high ($1^{\circ}C$ high) water temperature (each 15 tadpoles in 20 L water) condition and at either low (10 tadpoles/20 L water), medium (20 tadpoles), or high (30 tadpoles) density condition. Immediately after metamorphosis, we sampled bacteria and fungi from skin, liver, and heart of six metamorphosed frogs, randomly selected for each treatment group. After separate incubation of bacteria and fungi on 3M Petrifilm plates, we counted the number of bacterial and fungal colonies appeared on the plates and compared the numbers among the temperature and density treatment groups. For temperature treatment, high-temperature group had fewer bacterial colonies, while low-temperature group had more fungal colonies than the other two groups. For density treatment, low-density group had fewer bacterial colonies than the other two groups, but the number of fungal colonies were not different among the groups. Our results suggest that small increased rearing water temperature and lowered rearing density could potentially reduce pathogens in farming frogs.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2011

To investigate whether the rearing environmental factors (size heterogeneity, rearing density, and feeding frequency) affect the growth and cannibalism of fry in cultured puffer Takifugu obscurus, we conducted three experiments. To examine size effects, we used small (total length [TL] $26.0{\pm}0.5\;mm$, body weight [BW] $0.18{\pm}0.01\;g$), medium (TL $23.1{\pm}0.1\;mm$, BW $0.28{\pm}0.01\;g$), large (TL $26.0{\pm}0.2\;mm$, BW $0.48{\pm}0.01\;g$) and small-large size combination groups. For density, we used size-matched puffers (TL $25.0{\pm}0.5\;mm$, BW $0.53{\pm}0.03\;g$) and five density were examined ranging from 1.43 to 7.14 individuals/L. For the feeding frequency, we also used size-matched fry and feeding frequencies of three times/2 days, one time/day, two times/day, three times/day. We ran each experiment in triplicate and investigated the survival rate, daily food intake (DFI), feed efficiency (FE), and daily growth rate (DGR). The growth of the puffers increased with increasing size, density, and feeding frequency, while cannibalism increased with a greater size gap, density and lower feeding frequency. Therefore, we concluded that size, rearing density, and feeding frequency are major factors influencing growth and cannibalism of the puffer, T. obscurus.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.263-273
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the family phenomenon and characteristics by ICNP such as family shape, life standard. area, and development stage. Method: 1. Sample size was 115. 2. Data analysis method included frequency analysis including ratio. Results: 1. On the distribution of the family phenomena by family shape, the nuclear family showed a higher ratio on the distribution in family communication and the unhealthy life style. The nuclear family was related to children andhad a higher ratio on the inadequate care management of the sick member. The extended family showed the highest ratio on the inadequate care management of sick member. 2. On the distribution of the family phenomena by family life standard, the family with medium life standard showed a higher ratio on the inappropriate family coping, whereas the family with lower life standard appeared to have a higher ratio on the inadequate care management of the sick member. 3. On the distribution of the family phenomena by area. the large city area showed the highest ratio on the inappropriate family coping, the medium and small city area appeared to have the highest ratio on the unhealthy life style. The county area showed the highest ratio on the inadequate care management of sick member. 4. On the distribution of the family phenomena by development stage, the family in rearing period showed a higher ratio on the inappropriate family coping and the lack of family intimacy. Families with preschool children showed a higher ratio on the unhealthy life style, and families with school age children showed the highest ratio on the inappropriate family coping. Families with adolescents appeared to have the highest ratio on the disturbance in family communication, and families with launching young adults showed the highest ratio on the inadequate care management of sick member. 5. On the distribution of the family characteristics by family shape, the nuclear family showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chances among family members and neglect of general child rearing, whereas the third generation family appeared to have a higher ratio on the characteristics such as overburden of housewife's role and short of caring among family members. 6. On the distribution of the family characteristics by family life standard, the family of medium life standard showed higher ratio on the family characteristics such as a few communication chance among family and overburden of housewife's role, and the family of lower life standard appeared to higher ratio on the family characteristics such as short of caring among family members. 7. On the distribution of the family characteristics by area. the large city area showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as overburden of housewife's role and neglect of general child rearing. The medium and small city area appeared to have a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chancec among family members. The county area showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as short-term care among family members. 8. On the distribution of the family characteristics by development stage, the family with rearing period showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as neglect of general child rearing. Families with preschool children showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chancec among family members. Families with school age children showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as overburden of housewife's role. Families with adolescents appeared to have a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chances among family members. Families with launching young adults showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chances and short-term care among family members.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.431-444
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify nursing interventions performed by nurses working in small-medium sized hospitals. Method: Using NIC(3rd revision), the data were collected from 241 staff nurses working in 6 general hospitals. Result: Fourteen interventions were performed at least once a day. The physiological: basic and complex domain was most frequently performed. The most frequently performed intervention was medication: IV, and followed by medication-related interventions such as medication: IM, analgesic administration, IV therapy, and IV insertion. Fifty-five interventions were rarely performed. Most of them were in the family domain. ICU nurses performed interventions most often, while OBGY-pediatric units nurses performed them least. The ICU nurses performed the physiological: basic and complex, and the safety domain more often than medical and OBGY-pediatric units nurses. For the OBGY-pediatric units, the nurses were performed rarely the family domain, especially child bearing and rearing care. Conclusion: This survey has helped to figure out the nursing care in small-medium sized hospitals. These findings will help in building and improving of the standardized interventions for small-medium sized hospitals in located local provinces.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.95-107
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• 2014

This study is aimed to analyze the economic performance of black rockfish aquaculture by standardizing cost structures by region and farming size. The result of survey on farming and sale condition in each region, stocking density, survival rate, juvenile price, and unit production was the highest at Yeosu and Tongyeong, Heuksando showed the lowest. While rearing period was the longest at Tongyeong, the shortest region was Yeosu and Wando. In farming cost structure by region, amount of feeing was the highest at Tongyeong and Yeosu, and the lowest was Heuksando. Cost of medicine was high in Wando and Taean region, Yeosu and Hecksando was low. In case of farm size, feed cost ratio was high in the order of medium(0.75ha), small(0.25ha) and large(1.25ha) size. Standard production cost at every farm size of Heuksando showed the lowest among these regions. Taean and Yeosu was middle, and Tongyeong and Wando was the highest. According to the income, profit rate and investment return of farm size in all regions, as the bigger farm size, the higher income and profit rate was revealed. However, in case of Wando, Taean, and Heuksando which regions has high investment return, medium farm size was higher than large size. The result of economic analysis according to various factors, economic feasibility of black rockfish aquaculture in marine floating cage was showed significant changes by rearing and market condition.