• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1738-1746
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• 2023

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate quality characteristics of reduced-salt, low-fat pork sausage (PS) using pre-rigor muscle and sea tangle extract (STE) to reduce salt level of sausages during refrigerated storage. Methods: Pork ham was prepared with pre-rigor and post-rigor muscle from the local market. Sausages using post-rigor muscle were manufactured with the 1.5% of salt content, and samples with pre-rigor muscle were processed by different salt concentrations (0.8%). Accordingly, PSs were prepared in 4 treatments (REF, PS with 1.5% of salt using post-rigor muscle; CTL, PS with 0.8% of salt using pre-rigor muscle; TRT1, PS with 0.8% of salt and 5% of STE using pre-rigor muscle; TRT2, PS with 0.8% of salt and 10% of STE using pre-rigor muscle). For the evaluation of quality characteristics and shelf-life of reduced-salt PS, pH and color values, cooking loss (%), expressible moisture (%), textural properties, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric reactive substances), protein denaturation (volatile basic nitrogen), and microbiological analysis (total plate counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts) were determined. Results: The pH and temperature of pre-rigor raw pork ham were higher than those of post-rigor pork ham. Hardness of TRT2 was higher than that of REF or CTL. TRT2 had higher gumminess and chewiness than CTL. TRT1 and TRT2 had lower volatile basic nitrogen than CTL. Total plate counts of TRT2 were lower than those of CTL. Expressible moisture values of TRT1 and TRT2 were similar to those of REF. The addition of STE into PS improved functional properties and shelf-life of PS. Conclusion: Reduced-salt PS containing pre-rigor muscle and STE had similar functional properties to those of regular-salt ones, while containing approximately 47% less salt compared to regular-salt level.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1077-1084
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• 2024

Objective: The present work was conducted to evaluate suitable variables and develop prediction equations using chemical composition and physical characteristics for estimating standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of lysine (Lys) in full-fat soybeans (FFSB). Methods: The chemical composition and physical characteristics were determined including trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), urease activity (UA), protein solubility in 0.2% potassium hydroxide (KOH), protein dispersibility index (PDI), lysine to crude protein ratio (Lys:CP), reactive Lys:CP ratio, neutral detergent fiber, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), acid detergent fiber, L* (lightness), and a* (redness). Pearson's correlation (r) was computed, and the relationship between variables was determined by linear or quadratic regression. Stepwise multiple regression was performed to develop prediction equations for SID of Lys. Results: Negative correlations (p<0.01) between SID of Lys and protein quality indicators were observed for TIA (r = -0.80), PDI (r = -0.80), and UA (r = -0.76). The SID of Lys also showed a quadratic response (p<0.01) to UA, NDIN, TIA, L*, KOH, a* and Lys:CP. The best-fit model for predicting SID of Lys in FFSB included TIA, UA, NDIN, and ADIN, resulting in the highest coefficient of determination (R² = 0.94). Conclusion: Quadratic regression with one variable indicated the high accuracy for UA, NDIN, TIA, and PDI. The multiple linear regression including TIA, UA, NDIN, and ADIN is an alternative model used to predict SID of Lys in FFSB to improve the accuracy. Therefore, multiple indicators are warranted to assess either insufficient or excessive heat treatment accurately, which can be employed by the feed industry as measures for quality control purposes to predict SID of Lys in FFSB.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.988-999
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• 2008

Objectives : The study was conducted to evaluate antioxidative, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-hypertensive effects of natural remedies. Alisma Rhizome (AR) has been used for a long time in Asia in folk remedies for treatment of hypertension and stroke and has been used in Korean traditional medicine for the treatment of glycosuria, gonorrhea, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and jaundice and its diuretic effect. These pharmacological effects of AR might come from antioxidant properties of phytochemicals in these materials. Methods : In this study, the antioxidant activity of extract from AR was studied with in vitro methods by measuring the antioxidant activity by TEAC, measuring the scavenging effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) [superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical] and on reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [nitric oxide and peroxynitrite] as well as measuring the inhibitory effect on $Cu^{2+}$ induced human LDL oxidation and on ACE. Results : The AR extracts were found to have a potent scavenging activity, as well as an inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation and on ACE against all of the reactive species tested, with the water extract showing particularly strong antioxidant activities. Conculsions : The AR extracts have antioxidative, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-hypertensive effects in an in vitro system, which can be used for developing pharmaceutical drugs against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.337-345
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• 2000

Introduction of the buffer layer and the nitridation of a sapphire substrate were one of the most general methods employed for the reduction of lattice defects in GaN thin films Brown on sapphire by MOCVD. In an effort to improve the initial nucleation and growth condition of the GaN, reactive ion beam (RIB) of nitrogen treatment of the sapphire surface has been attempted. The 10 nm thick, amorphous $AlO_xN_y$ layer was formed by RIB and was partially crystallized alter the main growth of GaN at high temperature, leaving isolated amorphous regions at the interface. The beneficial effect of amorphous layer at interface in relieving the thermal stress between substrate and GaN film was examined by measuring the lattice strain value of the GaN film grown with and without the RIB treatment. Higher order Laue zone pattern (HOLZ) of $[\bar{2}201]$ zone axis was compared with simulated patterns and lattice strain was estimated It was confirmed that the great reduction of thermal strain was achieved by RIB process and the amount of thermal stress was 6 times higher in the GaN film grown by conventional method without the RIB treatment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1282-1288
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• 2016

Artemisia, a plant widely used as traditional herbal medicine in many countries, has drawn attention of the researchers. And its extracts or compounds are known to have an efficacy of antioxidant, anti-diabete, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Sumaeyaksuk is a variant of the Artemisia argyi and major constituents are eupatilin and jaceosidin. This study was performed to investigate the effects of the sumaeyaksuk aqueous extract on inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. To examine the potential hepatoprotective properties of sumaeyaksuk extract, cell viability, as well as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities, were measured. Cytotoxic activity of extracts on HepG2 cells was measured by MTT assay. Sumaeyaksuk extract did not induce cytotoxicity at concentrations of $0{\sim}400{\mu}g/mL$. NO and ROS levels significantly decreased with increasing concentration of the extract. The secretion levels of M-CSF and IL-8 were suppressed by sumaeyaksuk extract in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, ALT (75.4%) and AST (61.6%) levels significantly decreased in sumaeyaksuk extract-treated cells at $400{\mu}g/mL$. These results suggested that the sumaeyaksuk extract attenuates the LPS-induced hepatotoxicity resulting from regulation of inflammatory factors and could potentially be used as a hepatitis therapeutic agent.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.982-990
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• 2015

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation can cause skin damage with various pathological changes including inflammation. In the present study, we identified the skin-protective activity of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucose (pentagalloyl glucose, PGG) in ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced human dermal fibroblasts and mouse skin. PGG exhibited antioxidant activity with regard to intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenging. Furthermore, PGG exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, resulting in inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Topical application of PGG followed by chronic exposure to UVB radiation in the dorsal skin of hairless mice resulted in a significant decrease in the progression of inflammatory skin damages, leading to inhibited activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. The present study demonstrated that PGG protected from skin damage induced by UVB radiation, and thus, may be a potential candidate for the prevention of environmental stimuli-induced inflammatory skin damage.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.339-344
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• 2001

An all solid-state thin film supercapacitor (TFSC) with Co$_3$O$_4$/LiPON/Co$_3$O$_4$ structure was fabricated on Pt/Ti/Si substrate using Co$_3$O$_4$ thin film electrode. Each Co$_3$O$_4$ film was grown by reactive dc reactive magnetron sputtering with increasing $O_2$/[Ar+O$_2$] ratio. Amorphous LiPON electrolyte film was deposited on Co$_3$O$_4$/Pt/Ti/Si in pure nitrogen ambient by using reactive rf magnetron sputtering. The electrochemical behavior of the Co$_3$O$_4$/LiPON/Co$_3$O$_4$ multi-layer structures exhibits a behavior of a bulk-type supercapacitor, even though much lower capacity (from 5 to 25 mF/$\textrm{cm}^2$-$\mu\textrm{m}$) than that of the bulk one. It was found that the TFSC showed a fairly constant discharge capacity with a constant current of 50 $\mu\textrm{A}/\textrm{cm}^2$ at the cut-off voltage 0-2V during 400 cycles. It is shown that the electrochemical behavior of the Co$_3$O$_4$/LiPON/Co$_3$O$_4$ TFSC is dependent upon the sputtering gas ratio. The capacity dependency of electrode films on different gas ratios was explained by different structural, electrical, and surfacical properties.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.07d
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• pp.1989-1991
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• 1999

This paper presents characteristics of CrN thin-film strain gauges, which were deposited on glass by DC reactive magnetron sputtering in an argon-nitrogen atmosphere(Ar-$(5{\sim}25%)N_2$). The physical and electrical characteristics of these films investigated with the thickness range $3500{\AA}$ of CrN thin films, annealing temperature $(100{\sim}300^{\circ}C)$ and annealing $(24{\sim}72hr)$. The optimized condition of CrN thin-film strain gauges were thickness range of $3500{\AA}$ and annealing condition($300^{\circ}C$, 48 hr) in Ar-10 %$N_2$ deposition atmosphere. Under optimum conditions, the CrN thin-films for strain gauge is obtained a high resistivity, ${\rho}=1147.65{\mu}{\Omega}cm$, a low temperature coefficient of resistance, TCR=$-186ppm/^{\circ}C$ and a high temporal stability with a good longitudinal, 11.17. And change in resistance after annealing for the CrN thin-films were quitely linear and stable.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.276-282
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• 2012

High-intensive endurance exercises induce cell changes in body, changes in structures and functions of the heart, the muscles, the cartilages, and the liver, as well as increase of inflammatory cytokine. The purpose of this study was to estimate the biochemical changes in the liver and muscles during ultra-marathon race (100 km) by sections. The blood of the subjects was collected before the marathon as a control in order to analyze serum creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), asprtate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total(T)-bilirubin, direct(D)-bilirubin, total protein, albumin, uric acid, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (${\gamma}$-GTP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations. The CK, LDH, D-bilirubin, AST and ALT concentrations at 50 km and 100 km were significantly increased compared to the control (P<0.05). The markers at 100 km were higher than those at 50 km (P<0.05). The T-bilirubin and hs-CRP concentrations showed no difference among the groups, whereas the markers at 100 km were higher than those of the control and at 50 km (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that the ultra-marathon race (100 km) may induce the damage of the skeletal muscle, liver and kidney, intravascular hemolysis and inflammatory responses.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.94-104
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• 2018

Nitrite is an essential additive for cured meat product. Plasma is ionized gas and reactive nitrogen species in plasma can be infused into meat batter and subsequently generate nitrites by reaction with water molecules after plasma treatment. However, the increase of nitrite in meat batter is limited with direct treatment of atmospheric pressure cold plasma because of the increase of meat batter temperature. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of indirect treatment of atmospheric pressure cold plasma on the physicochemical properties of meat batter. Meat batter was indirectly treated with plasma at 1.5 kW for 60 min. The pH of meat batter decreased while the temperature increased with plasma treatment time. The total aerobic bacterial count of meat batter was not affected by plasma treatment. The nitrite content of meat batter was increased to 377.68 mg/kg after 60 min of plasma treatment. The residual nitrite content of cooked meat batter also increased with plasma treatment time. The CIE $a^*$-value of cooked meat batter increased. As plasma treatment time increased, lipid oxidation tended to increase and protein oxidation significantly increased. According to these results, the indirect treatment of atmospheric pressure cold plasma can be used as a new curing method for replacing synthetic nitrite salts.