• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.885-899
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• 2016

The energy-based approach to predict the fatigue crack growth behavior under constant and variable amplitude loading (VAL) of the aluminum alloy 2024 T351 has been investigated and detailed analyses discussed. Firstly, the plastic strain energy was determined per cycle for different block load tests. The relationship between the crack advance and hysteretic energy dissipated per block can be represented by a power law. Then, an analytical model to estimate the lifetime for each spectrum is proposed. The results obtained are compared with the experimentally measured results and the models proposed by Klingbeil's model and Tracey's model. The evolution of the hysteretic energy dissipated per block is shown similar with that observed under constant amplitude loading.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.406-412
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• 1990

In this paper, the concepts of resonant frequency control of an antennas using reactive loading are explained. Also inclueded are some useful applications of the resonant frequency controlling antennas.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.3 s.172
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• pp.237-245
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• 2005

The batch tests were performed to evaluate the applicability of the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) to in-situ treatment of groundwater with high concentration of heavy metals. The lead\chates used in this study were collected from waste rock dump of the Imgy mine, and have a low pH and high metal concentration. The acidity loading was 65kg as $CaCO_3/day$, metal loading of Fe+Al+Mn was 11.6kg/day. This type of water could be treated with biological-mediated sulfate reduction using the organic carbon mixture as a reactive media. The batch tests were carried out with five mixtures that were composed with different mixing ratios of mushroom compost, pine-tree bark, and limestone cheep. Results indicated that the PRB could reduce the acidity loading $CaCO_3/day$ to 12.3kg and reduce the metal loading to 3.3kg/day. Considering about the low pH and high metal loading, the contaminated water may be ameliorated by passing it through the buffering PRB composed with inorganic carbonate materials and then through the PRB composed with the organic carbon mixture which can induce sulfate reduction.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.84 no.6
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• pp.783-798
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• 2022

This study attempts to investigate the impact of thickness stretching and nonlinear hygro-thermo-mechanical loading on the bending behavior of FG beams. Young's modulus, thermal expansion, and moisture concentration coefficients vary gradually and continuously according to a power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituent materials. In addition, the interaction between the thermal, mechanical, and moisture loads is involved in the governing equilibrium equations. Using the present developed analytical model and Navier's solution technique, the numerical results of non-dimensional stresses and displacements are compared with those obtained by other 3D theories. Furthermore, the present analytical model is appropriate for investigating the static bending of FG beams exposed to intense hygro-thermo-mechanical loading used for special technical applications in aerospace, automobile, and civil engineering constructions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.43-48
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• 2016

Operational applications such as service restoration, voltage control and protection coordination are calculated based on the active and reactive power loading of the sections in the distribution networks. Loadings of the sections are estimated using the voltage and current measured from the automatic switches deployed along the primary feeders. But, due to the characteristics of the potential transformer attached to the switches, accuracy of the voltage magnitude is not acceptable to be used for section loading calculation. This paper proposes a new accurate section loading estimation method through voltage measurement error compensation by calculating voltage drop of the distribution line. In order to establish feasibility of the proposed method, various case studies based on Matlab simulation have been performed.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.353-369
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• 2022

This study attempts to shed light on the coupled impact of types of loading, thickness stretching, and types of variation of Winkler-Pasternak foundations on the flexural behavior of simply- supported FG plates according to the new quasi-3D high order shear deformation theory, including integral terms. A new function sheep is used in the present work. In particular, both Winkler and Pasternak layers are non-uniform and vary along the plate length direction. In addition, the interaction between the loading type and the variation of Winkler-Pasternak foundation parameters is considered and involved in the governing equilibrium equations. Using the virtual displacement principle and Navier's solution technique, the numerical results of non-dimensional stresses and displacements are computed. Finally, the non-dimensional formulas' results are validated with the existing literature, and excellent agreement is detected between the results. More importantly, several complementary parametric studies with the effect of various geometric and material factors are examined. The present analytical model is suitable for investigating the bending of simply-supported FGM plates for special technical engineering applications.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.869-876
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• 1994

This paper presents an efficient method to calculate voltage collapse point and to avoid voltage instability. To evaluate voltage stability in power systems, it is necessary to get critical loading points. For this purpose, this paper uses linear programming to calculate efficiently voltage collapse point. Also, if index value becomes larger than given threshold value, voltage stability is improved by compensation of reactive power at selected bus. This algorithm is verified by simulation on the IEEE 14-bus sample system.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

The response of concrete to transient dynamic loading has received extensive attention for both civil and military applications. Accordingly, thoroughly understanding the response and failure modes of concrete subjected to impact or explosive loading is vital to the protection provided by fortifications. Reactive powder concrete (RPC), as developed by Richard and Cheyrezy (1995) in recent years, is a unique mixture that is cured such that it has an ultra-high compressive strength. In this work, the concrete cylinders with different steel fiber volume fractions were subjected to repeated impact loading by a split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) device. Experimental results indicate that the ability of repeated impact resistance of ultra-high-strength concrete was markedly superior to that of other specimens. Additionally, the rate of damage was decelerated and the energy absorption of ultra-high-strength concrete improved as the steel fiber volume fraction increased.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.305-318
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• 2022

Permeable reactive barriers used for groundwater treatment require proper estimation of the reactive material behavior regarding the emplacement method. This study evaluates the dry emplacement of zeolite (clinoptilolite) to be used as a reactive material in the barrier by carrying out several geotechnical laboratory tests. Dry zeolite samples, exhibited higher wetting-induced compression strains at the higher vertical stresses, up to 12% at 400 kN/m². The swelling potential was observed to be limited with a 3.5 swell index and less than 1% free swelling strain. Direct shear tests revealed that inundation reduces the shear strength of a dry zeolite column by a maximum of 10%. Falling head permeability tests indicate decreasing permeability values with increasing the vertical effective stress. Regarding self-loading and inundation, the porosity along the zeolite column was calculated using a proposed 1D numerical model to predict the permeability with depth considering the laboratory tests. The calculated discharge efficiency was significantly decreased with depth and less than 2% relative to the top for barrier depths deeper than 20 m. Finally, the importance of directional dependence in the permeability of the zeolite medium for calibrating 2D finite element flow analysis was highlighted by bench-scale tests performed under 2D flow conditions.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.56-61
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• 2000

In the paper, the system loss sensitivity index that implies the incremental system loss with respect to the change of bus power is derived using optimization technique. The index λ reaches $\infty$ at critical loading point and can be applied to actual power systems for following purposes. 1) Evaluation of system voltage stability 2)Optimal investment of reactive power focused on minimizing system loss and maximizing system voltage stability 3)Optimal re-location of reactive power focused on minimizing system loss and maximizing system voltage stability 4)Optimal load shedding in case of severe system contingency focused on minimizing system loss and maximizing system voltage stability. Case studies for each application have proved their effectiveness.