• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2007

There is no certain definition about advanced drinking water treatment but it is generally known as activated carbon process, membrane process or ozone process which can remove non-conventional pollutants such as taste and odor compounds, and micro-pollutants. There are more than 20 processes related to activated carbon as adsorber or biological activated carbon in Korea. The saturated carbon by pollutants can be reused by reactivation. However, the effect of reactivation on activated carbon is not well-understood in terms of changing physical properties of carbon to adsorption capacity of natural organic matter (NOM). In this study, the effects of reactivation on physical properties of activated carbon were investigated by isotherm and breakthrough of NOM. Ash content was increased from 8% to 13.3%. Iodine number is commonly used as an indicator for performance of reactivation. The iodine number was decreased about 20% after reactivating twice. The degree of reactivation can be evaluated by not only iodine number but also apparent density.

• The Korean Journal of Medicine
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• 제99권3호
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• pp.140-144
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• 2024

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation associated with various therapeutic interventions is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with current or resolved HBV infection. Since no curative treatment for HBV infection is currently available, a large number of individuals in the general population are at risk for HBV reactivation. Populations vulnerable to HBV reactivation include those currently infected with HBV or those who have had past exposure to the virus. The potential consequences of HBV reactivation are particularly concerning when these populations undergo anti-cancer chemotherapy, immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies for managing various malignancies, rheumatologic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, or undergo solid-organ or hematologic stem cell transplantation. This article aims to increase awareness of HBV reactivation and to elucidate the mechanisms and risks associated with HBV reactivation in various clinical settings.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 1988

Cholera toxin and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate(db-cAMP) increased the rate and number of infections units produced in the in vitro reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus, whereas adenosine diminished them. cAMP concentration in latently infected trigeminal ganglia of mice was greatly increased by cholera toxin but was not affected by adenosine.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.965-972
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 석탄계 활성탄 신탄과 재생탄들을 이용하여 재생 횟수의 증가가 이들의 세공 구조 변화 및 수중의 유기성 오염물질들의 흡착 특성에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴본 결과, 신탄과 비교하여 1~3차 재생탄들에서 재생회수의 증가에 의해 $15\;{\AA}$ 이하의 미세세공은 감소한 반면 $20{\sim}100\;{\AA}$ 정도의 중간세공은 증가하였다. 재생횟수의 증가할수록 비표면적과 세공용적의 감소가 나타났으며, 세공용적의 감소폭은 신탄에 비해 크지 않았다. 신탄과 1~3차 재생탄들에서의 $CHCl_3$와 DOC에 대한 최대 흡착능(X/M)은 신탄의 경우 $964.6\;{\mu}g/g$ 및 19.5 mg/g인데 반해, 1~3차 재생탄들에는 $255.6{\sim}399.5\;{\mu}g/g$과 18.0~18.7 mg/g이였으며, 1차~3차 재생탄들의 THM 구성종들에 대한 흡착능은 신탄 보다 2~3배 정도 감소하였으나, DOC에 대한 흡착능은 신탄과 거의 동일하였다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.487-500
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• 2014

A new method to calculate the transmittable prevalence of an epidemic disease is proposed based on a back-calculation formula. We calculated the probabilities of reactivation and of parasitemia as well as transmittable prevalence (the number of persons with parasitemia in the incubation period) of malaria in South Korea using incidence of 12 years(2001-2012). For this computation, a new probability function of transmittable condition is obtained. The probability of reactivation is estimated by the least squares method for the back-calculated longterm incubation period. The probability of parasitemia is calculated by a convolution of the survival function of the short-term incubation function and the probability of reactivation. Transmittable prevalence is computed by a convolution of the infected numbers and the probabilities of transmission. Confidence intervals are calculated using the parametric bootstrap method. The method proposed is applicable to other epidemic diseases in other countries where incidence and a long incubation period are available. We found the estimated transmittable prevalence in South Korea was concentrated in the summer with 276 cases on a peak at the $31^{st}$ week and with about a 60% reduction in the peak from the naive prevalence. The statistics of transmittable prevalence can be used for malaria prevention programs and to select blood transfusion donors.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.123-127
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• 1986

4-carbon fatty acid인 n-Butyrate(n-BTA)는 herpes virus의 일종인 Epstein-Bat virus(EBV)에 작용해서 잠복형인 EBV를 활성형태로 유도시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 고로 본 실험에서는 mouse의 삼차신경절에 잠복하고 있는 HSV의 재활성화에 대한 n-BTA의 효과를 실험 관찰하였다. Pentobarbital로 마취시킨 mouse의 양쪽눈 각막을 30 gauge 주사바늘로 scarify한 후에 type I HSV(HSV-1) $10{\mu}1(1{\times}10^5$ plaque-forming units)를 각각 점안 감염시켰다. virus를 감염시킨 4주 후에 mouse의 삼차신경절을 적출하여 시험관 내에서 조직배양을 시행하였다. 조직배양시에 0. 1, 0. 25, 0.5. 1.0 그리고 2.0mM농도의 n-BTA를 첨가하였으며 1일, 2일, 3일간 각각 배양한 후 신경절을 연마하여 연마액내의 HSV-1 titer를Vero cell monolayer에서 plaque assay로 측정하였다. 1) n-BTA첨가군은 잠재성 HSV가 대조군에 비하여 현저하게 빨리 재활성화 되었고 재활성화되는 virus의 양도 현저히 증가되었다. 2) 24시간을 계속해서 n-BTA 각 농도를 첨가해서 배양할 군은 n-BTA 6시간 첨가 배양하고 새로운 배양액으로 갈아서 18시간 배양한 군에 비해 잠재성 virus의 재활성화가 현저히 증가되었다. 3) Gang1ionic latent HSV-1의 재 활성화에 영향을 미치는 각 농도의 n-BTA는 Vero cell의 monolayer에서의 HSV-1의 번식에는 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 2021

Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation and multiplication of a latent varicella-zoster virus infection. Reactivation can frequently occur in older adults and immunosuppressed individuals. It is hypothesized that this is related to an aging society and a corresponding increase in the number of people with underlying chronic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, that lower immunity. Clinically, the patient complains of pain, and a vesicular rash presents on one side of the face up to the midline in the dermatomes associated with the affected ganglion. Herpes zoster of the oral mucosa is rare. When oral lesions do occur, they are most often concurrent with pathognomonic unilateral linear vesicular skin lesions, facilitating both clinical diagnosis and management of the condition. Cases limited to the oral mucous membrane alone are most unusual. Treatment includes antiviral agents and analgesics for pain control. Antivirals should be administered within 72 hours of onset. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to avoid complications, such as postherpetic neuralgia. The present case report describes the adequate management of a patient diagnosed with shingles which affected the right side of the face and oral cavity. In addition, a literature review is presented.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.58-65
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• 2012

Background: A cell line with transfected Wilms' tumor protein 1 (WT1) is has been used for the preclinical evaluation of novel treatment strategies of WT1 immunotherapy for leukemia due to the lack of appropriate murine leukemia cell line with endogenous WT1. However, silencing of the transgene occurs. Regarding the effects of hypomethylating agents (HMAs) on reactivation of silenced genes, HMAs are considered to be immune enhancers. Methods: We treated murine WT1- transfected C1498 (mWT1-C1498) with increasing doses of decitabine (DAC) and azacitidine (AZA) to analyze their effects on transgene reactivation. Results: DAC and AZA decreased the number of viable cells in a dose- or time-dependent manner. Quantification of WT1 mRNA level was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction after mWT1-C1498 treated with increasing dose of HMA. DAC treatment for 48 h induced 1.4-, 14.6-, and 15.5-fold increment of WT1 mRNA level, compared to untreated sample, at 0.1, 1, and $10{\mu}M$, respectively. Further increment of WT1 expression in the presence of 1 and $10{\mu}M$ DAC was evident at 72 h. AZA treatment also induced up-regulation of mRNA, but not to the same degree as with DAC treatment. The correlation between the incremental increases in WT1 mRNA by DAC was confirmed by Western blot and concomitant down-regulation of WT1 promoter methylation was revealed. Conclusion: The in vitro data show that HMA can induce reactivation of WT1 transgene and that DAC is more effective, at least in mWT1-C1498 cells, which suggests that the combination of DAC and mWT1-C1498 can be used for the development of the experimental model of HMA-combined WT1 immunotherapy targeting leukemia.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.75-88
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• 1996

OTF9-63 (OTF9)와 P19S1O1A1 (P19) 배종양 세포들의 체세포에 존재하는 불화성 X 염색체의 재활성과 유발 능력을 조사하였다. 배종야 세포와 체세포들의 융합에 의해 얻어진 HATr 클론들의 형태, 염색체 복제 양상을 비롯하여 X 염색체에 존재하나 그 위치는 상당히 먼 유전자들인 Hprt와 Pgk-1의 발현 양상을 분석한 결과, OTF9 세포는 불활성 X 염색체를 재활성화 시킬 수 있는데 반해 P19 세포는 불가능한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 모든 유합세포는 장기간 배양되었을 때 성염색체의 수가 감소하였으며, 결국 1:2의 성염색체:상염색체의 비율을 나타내었다. 배종양 세포-체세포 융합세포의 이용은 초기 배발생 과정에서 시작되어 난자형성 과정의 감수분열 전까지의 유지되는 X 념색체의 재활성화 기작을 연구하기 위한 실험 방법을 제공한다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.186-190
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• 2015

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in healthy individuals is usually asymptomatic and results in latent infection. CMV reactivation occasionally occurs in healthy individuals according to their immune status over time. T cell responses to CMV are restricted to a limited number of immunodominant epitopes, as compared to responses to other chronic or persistent viruses. This response results in progressive, prolonged expansion of CMV-specific $CD8^+$ T cells, termed 'memory inflation'. The expanded CMV-specific $CD8^+$ T cell population is extraordinarily large and is more prominent in the elderly. CMV-specific $CD8^+$ T cells possess rather similar phenotypic and functional features to those of replicative senescent T cells. In this review, we discuss the general features of CMV-specific inflationary memory T cells and the factors involved in memory inflation.