• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.3358-3365
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Sorbus commixta (SC), Geranium thunbergii (GT) and their mixture (SC:GT=1:1, MIX) on inhibition of bone loss and chondral defect. To examine their activities, we measured the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells and performed tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) staining in osteoclast differentiated from Raw264.7 cells. To investigate the influence on chondrocyte differentiation, we performed alcian-blue staining in chondrocyte differentiated from ATDC5 cells. All of SC, GT and MIX did not increase ALP activity in MG-63 cells. However, SC and mixture (SC:GT=1:1, MIX) significantly inhibited osteoclastic differentiation. And they also induced chondrocyte differentiation. These results suggest that SC and GT may have a potential for the treatment of bone loss and chondral defect by suppression of osteoclast differentiation and stimulation of chondrocyte differentiation. Therefore, clarification of their mechanisms and active components will be needed.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.105-116
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• 2020

In this study, the royal protocols of the Joseon Dynasty, known as uigwes, were reviewed to clarify the materials and structure of Korean traditional walls. For this, the Yeonggeon-and Sanreng-uigwes were thoroughly reviewed, and then the names, materials, and construction methods of the traditional walls were systematically organized. In addition, mix proportions of plastering materials used in the walls were estimated based on the records in the uigwes; these were compared with the ratios specified in the current specifications. As a result of the comprehensive review, it was found that the mix proportions of the plastering materials varied depending on importance of buildings, type of walls, and the raw materials. Based on this, it was concluded that the characteristics of each uigwe should be considered when studying the mix proportion of materials for the traditional walls. It was also found that there were differences between the traditional and modern specifications for the wall constructions. That is, historical records and the specifications currently used were different in terms of constituent materials, construction methods and mix proportions. As a cause of the difference, the disconnection of the traditional methods and the introduction of foreign plastering techniques during the rapid social change in the 20th century were suggested.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of seeding timing and method of rye and/or hairy vetch on seasonal soil and foliar nutrient concentrations as well as fruit quality in a pesticide-free pear orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatments included as followed: single seeding of rye in September (Sep-Mono), November (Nov-Mono), and January (Jan-Mono), or mix seeding of rye+hairy vetch in November (Nov-Mix) and January (Jan-Mix), or sod culture as a control. Cover crops or vegetation was mown and mulched on the soil surface in April and May for two years. Nov-Mix treatment produced the highest dry matter weight of $12,070kg\;ha^{-1}$, with the lowest dry matter weight for sod culture ($6,520kg\;ha^{-1}$), following Jan-Mix ($7,030kg\;ha^{-1}$). Nov-Mix treatments increased potential amount of N, P, and K from the raw materials of the cover crops as well as improved soil physical properties. Nov-Mix treatments overall elevated soil pH, EC, organic matter, and $P_2O_5$ in May compared to other cover crop treatments or sod culture. The difference of the seasonal nutrient concentrations in leaves or fruit qualities were not consistently occurred amongst treatments. CONCLUSION: Nov-Mix treatments showed playing role in a substitute of a chemical fertilizer. Delayed seeding of cover crops such as Jan-Mix did not increase the potential dry matter production due to the short growing period, and the seeding time would affect the dry matter production of cover crops.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.42 no.7 s.278
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• pp.483-489
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• 2005

For the raw materials of 3CaO$\cdot$3Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$ $\cdot$CaSO$_{4}$(CSA) clinker manufacturing, the applications of industrial wastes such as waste shell, spent oil-refining catalyst and desulfurized gypsum were examined. The c1inkerbility of the raw mix and the behaviour of formation of clinker minerals were studied and then some hydraulic properties of cements containing the clinker were also investigated. By virtue of the high reactivity of thermally decomposed raw materials, CSA clinkers were obtained at relatively low temperature of 1250$^{\circ}C$ and thus oil-refining catalysts were more desirable than aluminium hydroxide as an aluminous raw material. The expansive cement samples showed somewhat lower flow value than that of OPC, but their compressive strengths were developed earlier and higher than that of OPC due to formation of ettringite in the early hydration time, which indicated the possibility of practical use of low-cost CSA clinker using industrial wastes only.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.1325-1333
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• 2014

Sasang constitutional medicine is a Korean traditional medicine in which individuals are classified into four constitutional types, Taeyangin, Taeumin, Soyangin, and Soeumin. To develop new functional Saengsik products, we investigated the immunostimulatory activities of raw materials of Saengsik (milled rice, barley, Job's tears, soybean, adzuki bean, millet, eggplants, radish, carrot, Lentinus edodes, Agaricus bisporus, and Auricularia auricula-judae) and Saengsik products (Mix 1~6) in primary immune cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) isolated from blood of Taeumin, Soyangin, and Soeumin types. Increased cell proliferation as well as NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ protein production by immune cells treated with extracts of materials of Saengsik and Saengsik products were measured as immunostimulatory parameters. We chose milled rice, adzuki bean, radish, and Lentinus edodes to study the immunostimulatory activity of Teaumin, barley, soybean, eggplants, and Agaricus bisporus to study the immunostimulatory activity of Soyangin, as well as Job's tears, adzuki bean, carrot, and Auricularia auricula-judae to study the immunostimulatory activity of Soeumin. The mixtures (Mix 1~6) were made with different kinds and ratios of Saengsik materials based on the immunostimulatory activities of Saengsik materials. The immunostimulatory activity of Taeumin was highest in Mix 2 (rice 60%, adzuki bean 20%, radish 10%, and Lentinus edodes 10%) extract-treated immune cells among all six mixtures. The immunostimulatory activity of Soyangin responded best to Mix 4 (barley 60%, soybean 20%, eggplants 10%, and Agaricus bisporus 10%) among the six extracts (Mix 1~6). The increased immunostimulatory activity of Mix 6 (Job's tears 60%, adzuki bean 20%, carrot 10%, and Auricularia auricula-judae 10%)-treated immune cells was higher than the other five extracts (Mix 1~5). Accordingly, Mix 2, Mix 4, and Mix 6 may be useful as mixtures for Saengsik products having personalized immunostimulatory activities.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.233-238
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• 1998

For substitution for crushed sand, high strength aggregate for cement and concrete using coal ash as a main material was prepared and then compared its physical properties with those of crushed sand. Effect of mix proportion change of raw materials on the property of aggregate was checked. On the basis of these experimental results we are going to comprehend the reutilization of coal ash and utilize a basic data for judging possibility the substitution of crushed sand.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-28
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• 2000

Supply chain management issues faced by a manufacturing company are considered in this paper. The supply chain consists of a manufacturing company and its suppliers. The manufacturer produces multiple products with inputs (e.g., raw materials) from the suppliers, but each product needs a different mix of these inputs. The market demand for the products is uncertain. We develop a mathematical model and algorithm, which can help the manufacturer to solve its procurement decision problem: how much of raw material to order from which supplier. The model incorporates such factors as market demand uncertainty, product's input requirement, supplier's as well as manufacturer's capacity, plus other costs comparable with those in a typical newsboy problem. Numerical examples are presented to see the interacting effects among critical parameters and variables.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1387-1395
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• 1994

Re-hydration properties of heated and ground CaO-SiO2-H2O system were studied under hydrothermal condition in order to examine the possibility of recycling ALC waste as raw materials of ALC. Powder of calcium silicate hydrates and ALC waste without heat treatment did not show further hydration while those of heat-treated at proper temperature showed re-hydration properties under hydrothermal condition. The lath-like shape of initially synthesized tobermorite was gradually turned into small debris during heating and plate-like tobermorite was crystallized during re-hydration of the heated powders. Heated and ground ALC waste could be added to natural raw mix for ALC at the ammount up to 20% with increased compressive strength and up to 30% with slightly decreased compressive strength. The optimum heating temperature of ALC for recycling was about 50$0^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2018

Background: The flowering plant Hippophae rhamnoides L. has been used for many studies on fruit or leaf extracts. This study was conducted to investigate the development of a new cosmetic material from H. rhamnoides fruits and leaves that have by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wrinkle improvement activities. Methods and Results: The antioxidant abilities of H. rhamnoides extracts, including of a water-soluble fruit powder (FW), a fatsoluble fruit powder (FF), a supercritical extract of fruit by-product (BS), and a mixture of leaf and fruit (MIX), were investigated in vitro. A DPPH radical assay for antioxidant activity was performed for these fractions alongside assay to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC). As expected, the MIX had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity ($RC_{50}=10.27{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), and the TPC and TFC also were highest in MIX ($225.7mg{\cdot}GAE/g$, and $25.18mg{\cdot}QE/g$, respectively). Nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells was estimated and the results indicated an over 75% decrease of NO production in FF and MIX. In other assays, the highest elastase inhibitory activity was found in FW. Conclusions: These results revealed that H. rhamnoides extracts have a high potential for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiwrinkle activities. H. rhamnoides products are suggested to be applied as the functional materials of cosmetic ingredients.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.210-215
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• 2023

Raw mix burnability is an especially crucial factor in cement manufacturing technology, and it depends on the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of each raw material. In this article, we compared the difference of burnability between the domestic and Japanese fly ash as cement raw materials by using Lafarge and Polysius evaluation method. Regardless of the type or amount of fly ash used, it was found to be more combustible when using fly ash. In both case, burnability improves as the amount of fly ash increases, especially the improvement in bunarbility is remarkable up to 3%. In conclusion, as the amount of fly ash increases within the range allowed by cement quality, burnability of raw materials improves, and thus the fuel cost required for the firing of clinker can also be expected to be reduced.