• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.220-225
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• 2017

Lithospermi Radix (LR) is known to have an anti-inflammatory effect. However, the mechanisms are not well known. In this study, LPS-induced mouse RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were treated with LR to investigate the time-dependent inflammation response of LR. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with various concentrations of LR for 24 hours, followed by MTS assay. Cell viability was increased at all experimental concentrations. The mRNA expression levels of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and iNOS were increased by treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with LR at a concentration of $200{\mu}g/ml$ for 6 hours and 24 hours. Treatment of LR with $200{\mu}g/ml$ concentration for 6 hours promoted mRNA expression levels of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and iNOS in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. However, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and iNOS mRNA expression was suppressed by treatment of LR with $200{\mu}g/ml$ concentration for 24 hours in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that the effect on inflammation of LR is promptly promoted and then to rapidly alleviate the inflammatory reaction. This study proposes that the time-dependent activities of herbal medicine is a very important factor in analyzing the anti-inflammatory effect of various herbal medicines including LR.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.119-129
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• 1996

The present study was conducted to rapidly detect Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk. Specificity and sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction(PCR) technique, and direct PCR were examinded in raw milk, also were compared the calssical culture methods with PCR technique. This method used a pair of primers based on a unique region in the 16S rRNA sequence of L nomocytogenes. In the PCR specificity tests, each of the 10 strains of L monocytogenes tested gave a single 70-bp band. But the other six Listera spp tested gave negative results. Results of the sensitivity tests showed that as few as 2 CFU of L monocytogenes in pure cultures could be detected with 16S rRNA-based primers, L-1 and L-2. In different PCR cycles, a PCR product was detected with $10^3$ cells of L monocytogenes from 25 cycles to 50 cycles and the concentration of PCR products was cycle-dependent. Raw milk samopes added L monocytogenes cells gave negative results. However, these samplers gave a single 70-bp band by pretreatment of pronase, and PCR products were detected with $10^1$ cells of L monocytogenes. To detemine the most sensitive culture protocol to use in conjunction with the PCR assay, raw milk samples were inoculated with L monocytogenes at concentrations ranging from 1 to $5.7{\times}10^4CFU/ml$. PCR assays from Listeria enrichment broth(LEB) containing raw milk samples added L monocytogene EGD could dtect 10 cells in pronase-pretreated samples without incubation, and 1 cell of L monocytogenes in both 12 hr and 24 hr incubation, respectively. Isolation raw of PCR assays was similar to that of classical culture methods, but required time for detection of L monocytogenes could remarkably be reduced compare to culture methods.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate alterations of seaweed composition upon Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) fermentation as well as potential anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism (s) of water extracts and fermented water extracts of Laminaria japonica (LJ) and Hizikia fusiforme (HF) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Total polyphenol, total sugar, and reducing sugar contents were measured in LJ and HF water extracts before and after fermentation by LGG. Alterations of inflammatory cytokine levels in cell culture media were measured by ELISA, and levels of phosphorylation of c-jun NH2-terminalkinase (JNK) and extra cellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) were examined by Western blot analysis. LGG fermentation of LJ and HF altered total polyphenol and sugar contents in water extracts of LJ and HF. LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ was significantly reduced by HF-f compared to control in RAW264.7 cells. Consistent with reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ levels by HF-f, HF-f also significantly reduced phosphorylation of ERK and JNK in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, LJ-f and HF also significantly reduced phosphorylation of JNK and ERK induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. Overall, our result suggests that HF-f among the four tested seaweed extracts is the most potent anti-inflammatory agent, and its mechanism of action is partially mediated by reduction of JNK and ERK phosphorylation as well as IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.555-563
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• 1999

Impregnation of phosphorous additiers into graphite bulk was studied with the goal of enhancing the effectiveness of oxidationprotection. In addition graphite acid washing was carried out prior to the impregnation further to improve oxidation resistance. Observation of the oxidation rate for raw graphite(Raw) impregnated graphite with tri-butyl phsophate on raw block(RP) and impregnated graphite on acid-treated graphite(AP) in air are reported. The phsophorus residue adsorbed on the graphite surface at active sites was determined by FTIR, XRS, TGA techniques. AP with tri-butyl phosphate was found to result in both 30% reduction in oxidation rate at 1000$^{\circ}C$ compared to Raw and increase of 120$^{\circ}C$ in oxidation temperature From the samples of oxidation rate of each specimen in Arrhenius plot it can be said that the present oxidation resistance origninates from the change of chemical reaction modesw neigther by acid-washing treatment nor phsophate impregnation

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1194-1201
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• 2015

This study conducted to investigate the impact of raw material freshness on the quality and hygienic safety of anchovy fish sauce and suggest the importance of raw material freshness to make high-quality and hygienic anchovy fish sauce by measuring the chemical compositions and histamine. To devide the raw material's freshness levels, raw anchovy was left for 24 hours and was sampled every 4 hour(Group I-VII). As a result, the levels of VBN(volatile basic nitrogen) and histamine increased as time passed each contents were 16.29-87.65 mg/100 g and 6.14-1499.63 mg/100 g respectively. As fish sauce fermented for 18 months, the contents of VBN were 205.31-270.51 mg/100 g and histamine were 120.54-1707.22 mg/100 g, respectively. These results means the levels of VBN and histamine of raw materials are significantly associated with the hygiene of anchovy fish sauce. To investigate the reason of different contents of histamine at each fish sauce, bacteria from each groups were isolated and identified. At group V-VII those the lowest three groups, Leconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris was identified and that produced the highest content of histamine 22.88-101.69 mg/kg and the others produced histamine 3.79-20.2 mg/kg. This means that fish sauce made by low freshness materials contain bacteria have strong ability to make histamine from histidine. Therefore, the freshness of raw material influences the hygiene and safety of fish sauce, and it is most important to manage the freshness of raw material to make the high quality and hygienically safe fish sauce.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.41-51
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• 1984

This study was performed using samples collected at Myungryundong and at Reservoirs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of water quality between tap and raw water, and to analyse drinking water quality by Fe, Zn from corroded galvanized steel pipe. Results were as follows 1. The older the pipe was, the higher the concentration of Ferrum and Zinc was (t-test : p<0.05). Ferrum and Zinc also exceeded the limits in the older galvanized steel pipe. I think that this comes from the corrosion of pipe. 2. Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Chomium, Argentum and Aurum not detected in raw water were not detected in tap water. Cobalt, Bismuth and Molybudenum detected in raw water were not detected in tap water. I think that this comes from the quality of raw water, the result of water treatment and the improbability of detection of above metals in water delivery system. 3. Silicon measured 2.4698ppm in raw water, but it ranged from 0.4769ppm to 1.982 ppm in tap water. Manganese measured 0.0638ppm in raw water, but it ranged from 0.0026ppm to 0.0198ppm in 17cases(31%) out of 55samples in tap water. I think that this comes from the water treatment. 4. Aluminium not detected in raw water was found in 17 cases (31%) out of the samples (55cases). It may be considered as the use of coagulants $Al_2(SO_4)_3$. $18H_2O$ and PAC (Poly Aluminium Chloride). The concentration of copper in tap water was much higher in 2 cases(3.6%) out of the samples(55) than that of copper in raw water. I think that this may come from the use of ${CuSO}_4$, the preventive of algae growth, and the result of chlorination, but further study must be necoessary to support the proof.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.575-580
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• 2012

Geopolymers were synthesized using raw materials produced from two different areas: one was from Indonesia and the other was from Habcheon, Korea. The constituting phases of the Indonesian raw material were quartz and kaolinite, while those of the Habcheon sample were quartz, halloysite and albite. They were both calcined at $750^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours, and solution of NaOH and water glass was added to activate the geopolymeric reaction. The compressive strength of geopolymer synthesized from the Indonesian raw material showed a low value of $151\;kgf/cm^2$ after curing for 28 days. However, it could be greatly increased by adding blast furnace slag powders of $1188\;kgf/cm^2$ and $1969\;kgf/cm^2$ at 20 wt% and 40 wt% additions, respectively. The compressive strength of the geopolymer synthesized from the Habcheon raw material was high, at $557\;kgf/cm^2$, after 28 days, and the very high early-stage (3 days) strength of $556\;kgf/cm^2$ for this sample was remarkable. Commercially available Habcheon metastate raw material, of which composition showed low CaO and $Na_2O$ contents compared to the calcined Habcheon raw material, was also examined. It was found that the compressive strength of the commercial metastate type was nearly identical to that of the calcined Habcheon raw material except for the relatively low value at an early curing stage and at a high curing temperature of $60^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.12-22
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• 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate immune enhancing effect of Houttuyniae Herba water extract(HW) on RAW 264.7 cell of mouse macrophages. Methods: Effects of HW on productions of nitric oxide(NO) and hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages were measured. Effect of HW on production of cytokines such as interleukin(IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$ in RAW 264.7 cells was accessed by a multiplex bead array assay based on xMAP technology. All of results were represented P<0.05 compared to the normal. Results: 1. After 24 hr incubation, HW increased significantly NO production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL. 2. After 24 hr incubation, HW increased significantly hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL. 3. After 24 hr incubation, HW increased significantly IL-$1{\beta}$ production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 100 and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL. 4. After 24 hr incubation, HW increased significantly IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 100 and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL. 5. After 24 hr incubation, HW increased significantly TNF-${\alpha}$ production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL. Conclusions: These results suggest that HW has immune enhancing activity related with its increasement of NO, hydrogen peroxide, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in macrophages.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.294-299
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of Red Ginseng-Ejung-tang (RE) on nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability was measured by modified MTT assay. NO production was measured by Griess reagent assay. Hydrogen peroxide production was measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) assay. RE did not show cell toxicity against RAW 264.7 for 24 hr incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7. RE significantly inhibited NO production for 24 hr incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 (P < 0.05). RE significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of NO for 24 hr incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 (P < 0.05). RE significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of hydrogen peroxide for 16, 24, 40, 48, 64, and 72 hr incubation at the concentrations of 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 (P < 0.05). These results suggest that RE has anti-inflammatory property related with its inhibition of NO and hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced macrophages.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.385-393
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• 2019

Background: The root and rhizome are historically and officially utilized medicinal parts of Panax notoginseng (PN) (Burk.) F. H. Chen, which in raw and steamed forms are used differently in practice. Methods: To investigate the differences in chemical composition and bioactivities of PN root and rhizome between raw and steamed forms, high-performance liquid chromatography analyses and pharmacologic effects evaluated by tests of anticoagulation, antioxidation, hemostasis, antiinflammation, and hematopoiesis were combined. Results: With the duration of steaming time, the contents of ginsenosides $Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, Rd, and notoginsenoside $R_1$ in PN were decreased, while those of ginsenosides $Rh_1$, $20(S)-Rg_3$, $20(R)-Rg_3$, $Rh_4$, and $Rk_3$ were increased gradually. Raw PN samples steamed for 6 h at $120^{\circ}C$ with stable levels of most constituents were used for the subsequent study of bioeffects. Raw PN showed better hemostasis, anticoagulation, and antiinflammation effects, while steamed PN exhibited stronger antioxidation and hematopoiesis activities. For different parts of PN, contents of saponins in PN rhizome were generally higher than those in the root, which could be related to the stronger bioactivities of rhizome compared with the same form of PN root. Conclusion: This study provides basic information about the chemical and bioactive comparison of PN root and rhizome in both raw and steamed forms, indicating that the change of saponins may have a key role in different properties of raw and steamed PN.