• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 1997

WASP5 was applied to evaluate water quality of Bokha stream with 17km of its main stem located in Ichon-city, Kyunggi province in Korea. Boundaries of the stream for the WASP5 were the Jumi bridge, 10 major tributaries and one wastewater treatment system. The stream was divided into 37 segments with about 350m length. The flowrate of the 10 day's average of the stream was obtained from the hydrograph data and the discharge-stage rating curve. Simulated quality constituents included nitrogen, phosphorus, BOD and DO. Monthly records of water quality and loads in 1996 were used for the calibration of parameters of WASP5. Simulation showed high correlations between calculated and observed concentration with monthly runoff ratio in Bokha stream. At downstream boundary, Jumi bridge [Seg.36], similar correlations were appeared. However, simulated concentrations by using annual runoff ratio were somewhat differentiated from those of the observed.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.527-536
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• 2000

This study estimates the pollution load in a basin by regional groups analyzing the relationship between the discharge and pollution load. The study area is placed in the Miho stream basin known as the main tributary of the Kum river. Four major Telemetary streamflow stations are chosen. In this research, discharge and water quality in a dry season and a flood season from the observed discharge in the stream are analyzed. The Rating-Curve and the Pollutograph are drawn analyzing discharge and water quality at the major stations. The characteristics of runoff for each stream are analyzed and the change of water quality are analyzed for rainfall period. The relationship between discharge and water quality has been investigated. The relationship between the discharge and pollution load is analyzed and a representative equation is derived. These relationships permit an estimates of the pollution load at the Miho stream basin. basin.

• Water for future
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 1983

A STUDY ON THE ESTIMATION OF THE AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES IN KOREA The purpose of this study is to present the estimated the total amount of runoff in Korea. The annual mean runoff is estimated by cumulating daily discharges that obtaine from daily stages on the rating curve. The selected five major gaging stations(Indogyo, Gyuam, Jindong, Naju, and Songjeong) to take the daily discharges stand for the five major streams such as the Han River, the Geum River, the Nokdong River, the Yeongsan River and the Seomjin River. The results of this study are as follows; 1) The maximum quantity of the total available water resources is estimated at 26,900 million cubic meters, the minimum is 24,300 million, and the annual mean quantity is 25,600 million 2) The annual mean rate of runoff is evaluated about 58 percent in the five major basins. 3) The annual mean rate of runoff over inland is estimated about 57 percent as a result of assuming the runoff rate of 5 zone about 80 percent, the annual mean rate of runoff is estimated about 56 percent except for V-zone in analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.309-319
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• 1999

This study was conducted to get forest scenic beauty management information toward forest working systems; characteristics in Larix forest stands. 35 different alternatives were simulated to visualize on basis of actual forest working methods. The options were illustrated as photos produced by computer software. Each alternatives were evaluated by 3 groups with total 593 respondents after reliability test. Visual preference evaluation was used 1 - 10 point rating scale. The ratings were scaled using SBE analysis program of RMRATE. To compare the relationship of visual preference and image scale, Spatial images of 13 thinning alternatives were measured by Semantic differential scale. In general, the respondents preferred refreshing and ordering forest stand after forest working to natural forest stand before forest working. Visual preference decreased with the increasing intensity of bare ground area and slash area in forest stand. And also, visual preference was high related to tree density, clear length of stem, and ground vegetation. Farm line of small clear cutting area was preferred straight line to curve line. Visual preferences were significant differences in certain socioeconomic variables of the respondents. Results indicate how to conduct forest working system for forest scenic beauty management.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.3 s.62
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• pp.404-417
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• 2006

The purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to examine the shaping methods and the knitting drafts of sleeve cap in the knitwears which are currently used by the manufacturers; to study the curve forms of sleeves in knitwears by analyzing synthetically the results of investigating the problems of knit wear sleeves; to present the most suitable sleeve cap for the knitwears. As the studying methods, I collected the basic data from the working-level persons of knit wear manufacturers, examined the knitting draft in the knitwears, and from that, made three kinds of comparative experimental garments and one kind of research experimental one as 10G and 16G. In doing so, I showed the sleeve cap suitable for the knitwears with plain stitch after operating sensual evaluation with Liker's 5-point rating measure. The analysis of data was handled with statistics by using SPSS Ver. 12.0; the method of statistics was executed by Frequency Analysis, Trust Analysis, one-way ANOVA, and Duncan test according to each topic of the research. As the result of the sensual evaluation of the experimental garments produced from the study, the research experimental garment looks better than the comparative experimental one in both 10G and l6G; has less extra folds around the front part of sleeve cap; looks more natural in sleeve caps of the body part and of a sleeve. From this, I am able to figure out that the research experimental garment looks better than the comparative experimental one produced by knit wear manufacturers. In addition, I can come to know that the different knitting of the front line and the back one of armhole in the knitwears has a favorable impact on improving the appearance of a sleeve.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.163-182
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• 2020

Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis of reinforced concrete slab at elevated temperatures from a fire accounting for nonlinear thermal parameters is carried out. The main focus of the paper is put on a one-way continuous reinforced concrete slab exposed to fire from the single (bottom) side as the most typical working condition under fire loading. Although contemporary techniques alongside the fire protection measures are in constant development, in most cases it is not possible to avoid the material deterioration particularly nearby the exposed surface from a fire. Thereby the structural fire resistance of reinforced concrete slabs is mostly influenced by a relative distance between reinforcement and the exposed surface. A parametric study with variable concrete cover ranging from 15 mm to 35 mm is performed. As the first part of a one-way coupled thermo-mechanical analysis, transient nonlinear heat transfer analysis is performed by applying the net heat flux on the exposed surface. The solution of proposed heat analysis is obtained at certain time steps of interest by α-method using the explicit Euler time-integration scheme. Spatial discretization is done by the finite element method using a 1D 2-noded truss element with the temperature nodal values as unknowns. The obtained results in terms of temperature field inside the element are compared with available numerical and experimental results. A high level of agreement can be observed, implying the proposed model capable of describing the temperature field during a fire. Accompanying thermal analysis, mechanical analysis is performed in two ways. Firstly, using the guidelines given in Eurocode 2 - Part 1-2 resulting in the fire resistance rating for the aforementioned concrete cover values. The second way is a fully numerical coupled analysis carried out in general-purpose finite element software DIANA FEA. Both approaches indicate structural fire behavior similar to those observed in large-scale fire tests.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.309-324
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• 2002

국내의 경우 관개용수의 대부분은 벼생육을 위한 논의 관개응수로 사용되고있다. 농업용수 이용은 약 150억㎥/year, 이는 하천유지수량을 제외한 전체 물이용량 237억㎥/year의 약 63%에 해당한다. 최근 물절약은 가장 중요한 사회, 경제적인 이슈 중의 하나로 인식되고 있다. 그러나, 국내의 경우 관개효율은 여전히 낮아 약 35%의 관개용수가 손실되는 것으로 추정되고있다. 비록 관개에서의 물절약이 시급한 문제이기는 하지만 용수손실 원인에 따른 손실량에 대한 정량적인 연구가 행해지지 않았었다. 손실 원인에 따른 손실량을 계측하기 위한 시험지구로 경기 평택의 이동지구를 선정하였다. 시험지구의 주수원공으로는 유역면적 9,440ha, 관개면적 2,027ha인 이동저수지이며 상류유역에 미산 및 용덕저수지가 위치하고 관개지구내에 원암 및 은산양수장이 있다. 시험지구의 계측시설은 강우량 계측을 위하여 자기강우계를 설치하였고 저수위, 하천수위 및 응배수로의 수위 측정을 위하여 수위계를 설치하였다. 강우계는 4개소에 설치되었으며 수위계는 26개소에 설치되었다 강우계는 지구내의 저수지 및 양수장 관리사 부근 4개소에 전도형 자기우량계를 설치하였다. 수위계 26개소 중에서 저수지의 저수위 계측지점이 3개소이며 하천수위 계측지점이 2개소 그리고 용배수로의 간선수로 시점부와 간지선 분기점 등의 주요지점에 21개소의 계측지점이 있다. 모든 계측지점의 계측기에는 자체 혹은 별도의 자료저장용 데이터로거가 부착되어 현장 계측자료를 저장하도록 설치 되어있다. 강우계는 전도형강우계(tipping bucket type)이며 수위계는 계측지점의 특징에 따라 여러종류의 수위계측기가 설치되었다 예를들어 초음파수위계(ultrasonic-wave type), 부표식수위계(float type) 그리고 압력식수위계(Pressure type)가 설치되어 있다. 현장 계측기의 전원은 한국전력 전원 혹은 태양전지 및 축전지를 사용하였다. 수위계측지점의 유량을 환산하기 위하여 계측지점의 단면조사와 유속측정을 통해서 수위-유량관계(rating curve)를 규명하였다. 시험지구의 관개효율 및 용수손실 규명 등에 관한 기본자료를 수집하기 위해서는 계측시스템의 운영은 장기간으로 지속 되어야 한다

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2010

Return flow rate of irrigation water was estimated by water balance method. Daepyeong pumping district to irrigate 75.8 ha of rice paddy in the Geum river basin was selected to install gauging instruments to collect data such as weather, water levels, infiltration rate and evapotranspiration during irrigation season (May 27 to Sept. 20) in 2003 and 2004. Irrigation and drainage discharge were calculated from the rating curve and evapotranspiration was estimated both by the modified Penman formula and by the lysimeter. The results were as followed : 1. Total amounts of pumping water during irrigation season were $1,076,000\;m^3$ in 2003 and $1,848,000\;m^3$ in 2004. Total amounts of rainfall were 1336.0mm and 1003.0mm respectively during the irrigation season in 2003 and 2004. 2. It was surveyed that the amount of infiltration was 196.5 mm (2.2 mm/day). The gauged evapotranspiration was 311.0 mm (3.5 mm/day) and the calculated evapotranspiration was 346.0 mm (3.9 mm/day) during irrigation period in 2003. It was surveyed that the amount of infiltration was 169.9 mm (2.4 mm/day). The amount of gauged evapotranspiration was 377.3 mm (5.3 mm/day) and the calculated evapotranspiration was 454.5 mm (6.6 mm/day) during irrigation period in 2004. 3. The rates of quick and delayed return flow were 52.4 % and 17.7 % respectively, and so return flow rate was 70.1 % in 2003. The rates of quick and delayed return flow were 45.4 % and 16.1 % respectively, and so return flow rate was 61.5 % in 2004. It means that average return flow rate in the Daepyeong pumping district was assumed to be 65 %.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.932-932
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• 2012

하천의 유량은 우리나라 수자원의 주요 구성원이므로 그 자료는 수자원 분야의 기초자료로서 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 하천의 유량을 알기 위한 연속적인 측정은 많은 비용과 인력 등으로 의해 현실적으로 어려운 일이다. 따라서 하천 수위와 측정된 유의 관계를 도시한 수위-유량관계곡선식(Stage-Discharge Rating Curve)으로 통상 유량을 산정하고 있다. 수위-유량곡선은 하천의 수자원의 계획 및 관리, 홍수예보, 수리시설물의 설계 등에 이용되고 있다. 그러나 하류에 보와 같은 구조물이 존재하는 경우 단순 수위-유량관계곡선식으로 유량을 환산하는 경우, 배수영향으로 인해 환산유량은 실제유량과 큰 차이가 나게 된다. 본 연구에서는 배수영향이 있는 곳의 동일수위에서 유량변화의 가장 큰 요인인 수면경사임을 착안하여 동일 수위에 대한 실제 현장의 수면경사와 유량관계 분석을 통해 수위-하강고-유량 관계를 정량적으로 파악하여 환산유량 편차를 줄이고자 하였다. 현장 지점은 창녕 합천보와 함안 창녕보 사이에 위치한 적포교 지점으로서 보의 수문개폐여부에 따른 수위-하강고-유량관계 분석을 통해 유량을 환산하고 현재 운영되고 있는 자동유량 측정치와 비교하였다. 단순 수위-유량곡선을 통해 환산한 유량 값과 하강고를 고려한 환산유량을 자동유량 측정치와 비교한 결과 각각 39.85%와 5.04%의 표준오차를 보여, 보다 정확한 환산유량 값을 구할 수 있었다. 따라서, 본 연구결과는 하류 보등 시설물이나 본류흐름 등에 의한 배수영향을 받는 지점에서의 환산유량을 기존보다 정확히 산정할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다는데 그 의의가 있다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.456-464
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• 2017

Objective : Although little is known about its origins, neck pain may be related to several associated anatomical pathologies. We aimed to characterize the incidence and features of chronic neck pain and analyze the relationship between neck pain severity and its affecting factors. Methods : Between March 2012 and July 2013, we studied 216 patients with chronic neck pain. Initially, combined tramadol (37.5 mg) plus acetaminophen (325 mg) was administered orally twice daily (b.i.d.) to all patients over a 2-week period. After two weeks, patients were evaluated for neck pain during an outpatient clinic visit. If the numeric rating scale of the patient had not decreased to 5 or lower, a cervical medial branch block (MBB) was recommended after double-dosed previous medication trial. We classified all patients into two groups (mild vs. severe neck pain group), based on medication efficacy. Logistic regression tests were used to evaluate the factors associated with neck pain severity. Results : A total of 198 patients were included in the analyses, due to follow-up loss in 18 patients. While medication was successful in reducing pain in 68.2% patients with chronic neck pain, the remaining patients required cervical MBB. Lateral cervical curvature, such as a straight or sigmoid type curve, was found to be significantly associated with the severity of neck pain. Conclusion : We managed chronic neck pain with a simple pharmacological management protocol followed by MBB. We should keep in mind that it may be difficult to manage the patient with straight or sigmoid lateral curvature only with oral medication.