• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.79-89
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ESG rating changes of companies listed in Korean Stock Exchange on stock returns. Design/methodology/approach - This study collected prices and ESG ratings of all the companies listed on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index. Based on yearly change of ESG ratings we grouped companies as 2 portfolios(upgrade and downgrade) and calculated portfolios' return. Findings - First, the difference in returns between upgraded and downgraded portfolios is small and statistically insignificant. Second, however, in the COVID-19 period (2020 ~ 2021), the upgraded portfolio outperforms the downgraded portfolio by 0.7 percentage points per month. The difference in returns between upgraded and downgraded portfolios is statistically significant after controlling for the Carhart four factors. Lastly, there are much higher volatility when the ESG rating changes are made of companies with low levels of ESG ratings. Research implications or Originality - This study is the first to examine the impact of ESG rating changes on stock returns in Korea. Furthermore, the findings can serve as a reference for managers who want to control a firm's risk by ESG rating changes. Practically, asset managers can use the findings to construct portfolios that are less risky or more profitable than the market portfolio.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.173-192
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• 2009

As video games gain popularity and become a normal part of home entertainment, concern about youth access to inappropriate games continues to grow. Some people have claimed that violent video games influence children's aggressive behavior and that violent video games have some responsibility for violence in the school. In response to people's concerns, the video game industry created a video game rating system in 1995 to help parents decide which video games are appropriate for their children. This study investigated whether parents were aware of the video game rating system and how often they have used it when selecting video games for their children. This study attempted to find relationships among parents' attitudes toward video games, their guidance styles for their children's video game play, and their use of the video game rating system. This study found that most parents have used the video game ratings very frequently when they select video games for their children. But many parents still don't understand the video game rating system. This study showed that parents who had more negative attitudes or less positive attitudes toward video games were more likely to impose restrictions on their children's video game play and to use the video game rating system as a means to restrict their children's access to violent video games.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.03b
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• pp.411-418
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• 2000

With the limited amount of budget and time, it is required to determine the priority of investment when there are a large number of hazardous slopes. In this paper, the Rock Slope Risk Rating System is developed based on the combination of the hazard of failure and the damage potential. By applying the proposed rating system to 253 rock slopes in Korean National Highway, it was possible to determine the priority of investment on road cut slopes.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.1569-1574
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• 2005

In this paper, I propose an intelligent credit rating system using a bankruptcy prediction model based on support vector machines (SVMs). SVMs are promising methods because they use a risk function consisting of the empirical error and a regularized term which is derived from the structural risk minimization principle. This study examines the feasibility of applying SVM in Predicting corporate bankruptcies by comparing it with other data mining techniques. In addition. this study presents architecture and prototype of intelligeht credit rating systems based on SVM models.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.759-765
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• 2004

HEC-RAS model is used for estimation of rating-curve of Musung in Wi stream. Discharge is computed from stage estimated by HEC-RAS model, is compared with the discharge of water surface slope method. The relative deviation of observed and computed discharge is 5.37%, and shows as a good results. A rating-curve by HEC-RAS model shows better results than by water surface slope method.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Industrial Systems Conference
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• 2007.02a
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• pp.190-196
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• 2007

With the rapid development of electronic commerce, online reputation management systems are of increasing importance in building trust and managing risk. Reputation rating mode and aggregating method are the most crucial parts of a reputation management system. In this paper, we analyze the merits and disadvantages associated with the rating mode and aggregating approach of current reputation management systems, and put forward some suggestions. These suggestions are helpful in improving current reputation management systems and developing new reputation management systems.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2004

Purpose: Nursing puts much weight en the organization of hospital. Therefore it is necessity to improve nursing care. One of the most important things is to secure confident nurses and to develop nurse' potentiality. It directs nurse evaluation system. The concept of "performance appraisal tools" is extremely important in evaluation system. Therefore, the purpose of this study aims to define performance appraisal process. Method: In order to do this, two main study has been observed interviewing appraisers and employees in-depth and analyzing performance appraisal tools of seven hospitals and analysed validity, reliability, acceptability and practicability. Result: The result of this study can be summarized as follows; Firstly, the result of analysis of performance appraisal tools. Regard to validity, Hospitals had a typical goal, but had not put to practice use. Regard to reliability, 1) Appraisal rule had been focused on appraiser's error, how to avoid. 2) 5 hospitals accessed nurses with relative rating and 2 hospitals with absolute rating both in practice. 3) 3 hospitals informed nurses the result of performance appraisal but 4 hospitals did not. 4) All hospitals in this study had conducted superiors rating. Regard to acceptability, 1)Rating scale method had been implemented by 6 hospitals and among those conducted beth ranking method and descriptive method. 2) Most hospitals had focused on personal traits in performance appraisal factors. Regard to practicality, The term of appraisal took $10{\sim}14$ days; performance appraisal happened 1 or 2 times per year; appraisal factors were based on 10 different items. Secondly, the result of in-depth interview with head nurses and staff nurses Regard to validity, head nurses and nurses wared that the goal of performance appraisal is to develop nurse's ability. Regard to reliability, head nurses pointed out that they were doubt of the justice of performance appraisal and they should have got training. Nurses insisted that raters should have been trained due to lack of qualification of appraiser; Head nurses and nurse proposed to convert form relative rating to absolute rating; to inform the result of appraisal; to implement peers rating. Regard to acceptability, One of the critical problems of performance appraisal tools was abstract of appraisal factors ; Lack of job analysis. Regard to practicality, Head nurses used to take overtime for appraisal. There was only a little respond despite of their efforts. Nurses questioned that appraisal tools exist for only appraisal; there was less cost-effectiveness. Conclusion: Based en these findings, it could be suggested to improve the performance appraisal tools for nurses evaluation. Firstly, it is necessary to describe goal of performance appraisal clearly set up, so that nurses could improve their positive word performance and develop their potentiality. Secondly, it is necessary to obtain various training on raters, implement absolute rating and inform the result of appraisal to nurses and use peers rating. Thirdly, it is necessary to convert from rating scale method to management by objectives or behaviorally anchored rating scale and take measurable appraisal factors based en job analysis. Finally, it is necessary to reduce the appraisal cost but increase effectiveness of performance appraisal.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.442-446
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• 2014

A method for applying emergency ratings to improve the reliability of power supply in ACSR overhead transmission lines is described in this paper. Due to re-regulate power industry, most power companies worldwide as well KEPCO have been searching for only economical strategies without new investment. Power demand was rapidly increasing, however, generation amount did not follow sufficiently. Hence in order to increase the transmission capacity for the existing transmission lines in case of peak load, or contingency in transmission lines, an application method of emergency ratings such as short or long term rating is proposed. If applying long term emergency rating instead of static line rating for the period of a peak load, power transmission can be increased to 10 % or more. Furthermore, it was shown that emergency rating can be effectively used in the contingency of double-circuit transmission lines and/or overload cases.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-133
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• 2005

The object of this study is to examine the informational effect of the rating change announcement on the capital market. For this study, daily stock prices from January 1993 to February 2001 and daily bond prices from July 2000 to February 2001, for the bond market are used. In the stock market, we could not observe any statistically significant stock price reaction to rate change announcements from July 2000 to February 2001. However, if rating agencies announce more than two degradation for the period of January 1993 to February 2001, statistically negative significant stock price reactions are observed. On the other hand, there is no statistically significant stock price reaction to any other rating change announcement. In the bond market, there is no statistically test on the bond price reaction, but the general directions of bond price movements are consistent with the effect we can expect from rating change announcements. Generally, when the rating agencies degraded more than two grades at once, a cumulative abnormal returns move negatively during the overall period. In this case, we can say that rating agencies' role is to confirm information or investor's expectations. However, for the other cases, we could not observe my significant movement before or on the event data.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2007

As girders and towers in cable-stayed bridges are subject to bending moments as well as axial forces, the conventional load rating equation, which considers only the single force effect, cannot be used to evaluate the rating factors of cable-stayed bridges. The load rating equation for components in cable-stayed bridges is not currently established yet. In this paper, we propose load rating equations for girders and towers in cable-stayed bridges using the interaction equations for beam-column members. Moving load analyses were performed for the cases of a maximum axial compressive force, maximum positive moment and maximum negative moment for each component in cable-stayed bridges and detailed procedures to apply proposed equations were presented. The Dolsan Grand Bridge was used to verify the validity of proposed equations. The conventional load rating equation overestimates rating factors of girders and towers in the Dolsan Grand Bridge, whereas proposed equations properly reflect the axial-flexural interaction behaviour of girders and towers in cable-stayed bridges.