• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.755-763
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• 2010

Fine sediment loadings from agricultural watersheds have led to habitat degradation in Lake Takkobu, northern Japan. Fifteen lake sediment core samples were obtained and analyzed to develop a chronology using physical sediment characters, $^{137}Cs$, and tephra. The reconstructed sedimentation rates over the past ca 300 years suggested that sedimentation rates increased drastically after land use development. With a natural sedimentation rate of 0.1-1.1 mm $year^{-1}$ until 1898, lake sedimentation accelerated to 0.6-12.8 mm $year^{-1}$ after 1898. The sedimentation rates after land use change, such as forestry, river engineering works, and agricultural development, were about 6-12 times higher than that under natural conditions, leading to accelerated lake shallowing over the last ca 100 years. Sedimentation rates between 1898 and 1963 differed with location in the lake because of spatial variation in the sediment flux from the contributing rivers and their watersheds. The sedimentation rate in the southern zone between 1898 and 1963 was significantly higher than that in the middle and northern zones, reflecting active sediment production associated with forestry for charcoal production and canal construction for transportation in the southern watersheds and wetlands. The sedimentation rate after 1963 did not vary among the three zones, because decreasing sedimentation was found in most of the southern sites whereas an increasing trend was observed in the middle and northern sites. This result can be explained by shallowing of lake-bottom morphology with sedimentation and the resultant reduction of sediment retention capacity in the southern zone. Moreover, the sedimentation rate at sampling sites close to river mouths increased by 5-32 times compared with natural rates before 1898. The Kushiro River, into which Lake Takkobu drains under regular flow conditions, further contributed to an increased sedimentation rate, because water from the Kushiro River flows back into Lake Takkobu during floods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of storage period on the physico-chemical properties of tobacco leaves expanded by $CO_2$. The flue-cured and burley tobacco leaves produced from 1996 to 1999 were processed, and stored for that year or 3 years in processing plant. As compared with 1996 crop, the expanded rate of flue-cured tobacco leaves in 1999 crop was higher approximately 18%, while that of burley was higher about 10%. The filling capacity of cigarettes was decreased as storage time became shorter, but the combustibility was improved. The rate of large particles (over 3.36mm) of expanded tobacco showed decreasing tendency as the storage period became longer. The change rate of chemical contents in tobacco leaves between before and after expansion had no significant difference among corp years. The tar and CO contents of cigarettes smoke were reduced in the case of flue-cured tobacco leaves as storage time became shorter, while they were slightly increased in the case of burley tobacco leaves. The ammonia content of burley leaves was decreased remarkably in 1996 and 1999 crop.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1493-1498
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide with a rising incidence rate in most countries. Considering the increase in life expectancy and change in lifestyle of Iranian women, this study investigated the age-adjusted trend of breast cancer incidence during 2000-2009 and predicted its incidence to 2020. Materials and Methods: The 1997 and 2006 census results were used for the projection of female population by age through the cohort-component method over the studied years. Data from the Iranian cancer registration system were used to calculate the annual incidence rate of breast cancer. The age-adjusted incidence rate was then calculated using the WHO standard population distribution. The five-year-age-specific incidence rates were also obtained for each year and future incidence was determined using the trend analysis method. Annual percentage change (APC) was calculated through the joinpoint regression method. Results: The bias adjusted incidence rate of breast cancer increased from 16.7 per 100,000 women in 2000 to 33.6 per 100,000 women in 2009. The incidence of breast cancer had a growing trend in almost all age groups above 30 years over the studied years. In this period, the age groups of 45-65 years had the highest incidence. Investigation into the joinpoint curve showed that the curve had a steep slope with an APC of 23.4% before the first joinpoint, but became milder after this. From 2005 to 2009, the APC was calculated as 2.7%, through which the incidence of breast cancer in 2020 was predicted as 63.0 per 100,000 women. Conclusions: The age-adjusted incidence rate of breast cancer continues to increas in Iranian women. It is predicted that this trend will continue until 2020. Therefore, it seems necessary to prioritize the prevention, control and care for breast cancer in Iran.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 2003

The Yellow River delta is an important region where coastal and newly formed wetlands distribute in north China. Based on satellite remote sensing images and GIS techniques, this paper tends to delineate the dynamic changes of newly formed wetland in the Yellow River mouth from 1986.5 to 1996.10. Our results show that the newly formed wetland increased by 24.9 $\textrm{km}^2$ per year. Before 1990. 1 and it decreased by 2.40 $\textrm{km}^2$ per year after that. The northern and southwestern parts of the Yellow River mouth are main positions of decrease and the southern and the estuary parts are main positions of increase. The advancing rate of river mouth extending into the Bo Sea is decreasing obviously. The reason for that is the decreasing of water and sediments in the Yellow River, which caused by the increasing use of water and soil conservation on upper reach.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.205-217
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• 2004

This study conducted a survey with the 67 students who are in their 2nd year at 3 vocational high schools. The researcher of this study developed and operated the smoking cessation program based on the Transtheoretical model. To evaluate the effects, experiments were repeatedly done. The data were collected from June 21, 2004 till July 9, 2004. The survey was done based on the questionnaire-interview before and after education. The collected date was computerized by using SPSS-WIN 10.0 program. The results are as follows: Firstly. before education, the smoking cessation stage of change shows precontemplation stage $37.3\%$, preparation stage $37.3\%$, and contemplation stage $25.4\%$ respectively. However, after education it shows preparation stage $44.8\%$, action stage $25.4\%$, contemplation stage $19.4\%$, precontemplation stage $10.4\%$. The positive result was $62.7\%$ and smoking cessation stage of change made a 0.9 step increase. Secondly, process of change rose in all the areas except helping relationship. It also shows statistical improvement in all the fields except the dramatic relief of the experiential process, the helping relationship of behavioral process and stimulus control Thirdly, negative affective situation temptation, positive social situation temptation, and habitual strength temptation's average points decreased but showed statistical differences. Weight control temptation's average points decreased after education but didn't show statistical differences. Self efficiency increased measurably after education. Fourthly, concerning the social pros and coping pros caused by smoking, the average points were low after education and showed statistic decrease. As for the cons due to smoking, the average points increased but didn't show any statistical differences. In conclusion, thanks to the smoking cessation program applied by the Transtheoretical model, the smoking rate of vocational high school students became low and their smoking temptation also dropped considerably. In conclusion, while the pros for smoking were lessened, its corns were heightened through the educational awareness offered by this program.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.137-150
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• 2007

CADIA(Computer-assisted densitometric image analysis) method is used to analyze bone density changes around the implants. The usefullness and reproducibility of the method was assessed. We tried to find out if there is any possibility to quantitiate and qualitify peri-implant bone density change as time passes. And we concluded that this newly developed linear analysis is efficient for analyzing peri-implant bone density change non-Invasively. In this study, 2152 machined $Br{\aa}nemark$ fixtures installed from 1994 to 2002 in the department of Periodontics, Dental hospital of College of Dentistry, Yonsei University were included. Of these fixtures 22 radiographically analyzable failed fixtures were used as experimental group, and 22 successful implants placed in the same patient were used as control group. 1. 57 out of 1635 machined $Br{\aa}nemark$ standard and Mk II implants system failed, the survival rate was 96.5%. And 11 out of 517 machined $Br{\aa}nemark$ Mk III and Mk IV implants system failed, the survival rate was 97.9%. Total survival rate was 96.8%. 2. 22 failed implants were used for the analysis, 10 of which failed before prosthetic treatment due to infection and overheating. 12 failed due to overload after prosthetic treatment, 63.6% of which failed during the early phase of functional loading, i, e. before 1 year of loading. 3. Bone density change values around coronal region of the failed implants were $-6.54{\pm}6.35$, middle region were $-3.53{\pm}5.78$, apical region were $-0.75{\pm}10.33$, resulting in average of $-3.71{\pm}8.03$. 4. Bone density change values around coronal region of the successful implants were $4.25{\pm}4.66$, middle region were $6.33{\pm}5.02$, apical region were $9.89{\pm}4.67$, resulting in average of $6.27{\pm}5.29$. 5. There was a statistically significant difference between two groups (p<0.01). In conclusion, the linear analysis method using computer-assisted densitometric image analysis could be a useful method for the analysis of implants, and could be used for future implant researchs.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.48-70
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to make an analysis of the impact of the DRG payment system on medical care pattern and cost of cataract surgery in a general hospital. The subjects were 173 patients whose DRG severity grade was zero, selected from among the hospitalized who underwent cataract surgery before and after the joining to the demonstrational operation of the third year DRG payment system. Their medical records and the details of their medical bills were examined to find out the length of hospital stay, medical care pattern provided to them, the cost of medical care, and the quality of medical care. The length of stay and the amount of medical care supplied during being in hospital dropped significantly for both single-eye and double-eyes cataract surgery groups. The amount of antibiotic use went down during the hospitalization and upon discharge from the hospital, but decreased after discharge. The total medical bills and the rate of basic examination implementation increased in the OPD before hospitalization but after discharge dropped. For double-eyes cataract patients, the rate of double-eyes cataract surgery went down. The total medical bills of DRG payment system converted into the fee-for-service system was greater by 113.3% for the single-eye cataract surgery group and by 102.9% for the doble-eyes cataract surgery group, compared to that by the fee-for-service. The contribution shared by the insurance corporation increased for both single-eye and double-eyes cataract surgery groups, but the copayment by the insured went down. Regarding the treatment outcome, no difference was found in complication rate, resurgery rate and mortality rate before and after the joining to the DRG payment system was implemented. The use of special lens lessened significantly. The amount of medical care supplied during hospitalization decreased but the complication rate didn't increase. But the increased use of low-price artificial cataract and the avoidance of double-eyes cataract surgery was observed. The phenomenon decreased number of OPD visit and the decreased total medical bills of OPD care after discharge in this hospital required further evaluation.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.303-311
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• 2021

In this study, data from the 11th year of the Korean Welfare Panel Study (2016), the 12th year (2017), the 13th year (2018), and the 14th year (2019) were used to verify whether drinking problems in adults had an end-to-end effect on depression. The analysis showed that, first, the initial value of depression has a static (+) relationship with the initial value of problem drinking, and a significant relationship with the rate of change in problem drinking. Second, the supply and demand households showed a static relationship with the initial value of depression, the initial value of problem drinking. Third, in the case of people with disabilities, the relationship between the initial value of depression, the initial value of problem drinking, and the amulet (-). Therefore, it was suggested that the development of drinking problem prevention programs and education should be actively carried out in school education before adulthood.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate chronological change of quality of life after surgery in patients with gastric cancer during one year postoperatively. Materials and Methods: Quality of life data were obtained from 272 gastric cancer patients who underwent curative gastrectomy between September 2008 and February 2011 at the Kyungpook National University Hospital. The Korean versions of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire Core (QLQ) 30 with gastric cancer-specific module, the EORTC QLQ-STO22 were used to assess quality of life. All patients had no evidence of recurrence or metastasis during the first postoperative year. Patients were asked to complete the questionnaire, by themselves preoperatively, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-months postoperatively. Results: Physical functioning score and role functioning score significantly decreased at first 3 months after surgery and the significant differences were noticed until 12 months after surgery. Emotional functioning score started with the lowest score before surgery and significant improvement was shown 6 months after surgery. Most symptom scores and STO-22 scores were highest at 3 months after surgery and gradually decreased, thereafter. Eating restriction, anxiety, taste, body image scores was highest at 3 months after surgery without significant decrease afterwards. Conclusions: Most scales worsened after surgery and gradually recovered afterwards with some differences in rate of recovery. However the scales did not fully recover by 1 year period. Further follow-up after 1 year would be helpful in determining which scales are permanently damaged and which are just taking longer time to recover.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the changes in flow and composition of saliva in oral cancer patients after radiation therapy. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 7 patients who were scheduled for over 6,000cGy irradiation (180 - 225cGy fraction $Co^{60}$ therapy, 5 times a week). The flow rate of saliva, and concentration of total protein and IgA were measured before irradiation and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 days and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 weeks and 3, 6, 12 months after. The followings are results we obtained: 1. The salivary flow rate before irradiation was $0.8671{\pm}0.4057ml/min$. Significant decrease started 3 days after irradiation and reached a minimum at 4 weeks ($0.2621{\pm}0.2858ml/min$). Afterwards, flow rate started to increase and was on the way to recover at 1 year. 2. The concentration of total protein and IgA before irradiation were $137.2000{\pm}16.9912mg%$ and $3.4200{\pm}1.4114mg%$, respectively. After irradiation, these figures increased significantly and reached a maximum of $366.4000{\pm}174.0583mg%$ and $43.4800{\pm}29.1207mg/ml$, respectively at 6 weeks. Recovery towards normal values started following the end of irradiation and figures at 12 months had lowered to $165.400{\pm}21.1495mg%$ and $4.6200{\pm}2.1580mg/ml$ each. 3. The ratio of IgA to the amount of total protein was 2.5% before irradiation. This began to increase from 1 week following irradiation as the total dose of radiation received was increased (11.9% at 6 weeks). After 1 year from the start of radiation therapy, the ratio was reduced to such level that was before irradiation.