Status of Sediment Dynamics in Lake Takkobu of the Kushiro Mire, Japan, Associated with Forestry and Agricultural Development in the Watershed

산림과 농업 개발로 인한 쿠시로습원 타호부호수의 최근 토사동태

  • Ahn, Young-Sang (Division of Forest Restoration, Korea Forest Research Institute)
  • 안영상 (국립산림과학원 산림복원연구과)
  • Received : 2010.10.12
  • Accepted : 2010.10.18
  • Published : 2010.10.30

Abstract

Fine sediment loadings from agricultural watersheds have led to habitat degradation in Lake Takkobu, northern Japan. Fifteen lake sediment core samples were obtained and analyzed to develop a chronology using physical sediment characters, $^{137}Cs$, and tephra. The reconstructed sedimentation rates over the past ca 300 years suggested that sedimentation rates increased drastically after land use development. With a natural sedimentation rate of 0.1-1.1 mm $year^{-1}$ until 1898, lake sedimentation accelerated to 0.6-12.8 mm $year^{-1}$ after 1898. The sedimentation rates after land use change, such as forestry, river engineering works, and agricultural development, were about 6-12 times higher than that under natural conditions, leading to accelerated lake shallowing over the last ca 100 years. Sedimentation rates between 1898 and 1963 differed with location in the lake because of spatial variation in the sediment flux from the contributing rivers and their watersheds. The sedimentation rate in the southern zone between 1898 and 1963 was significantly higher than that in the middle and northern zones, reflecting active sediment production associated with forestry for charcoal production and canal construction for transportation in the southern watersheds and wetlands. The sedimentation rate after 1963 did not vary among the three zones, because decreasing sedimentation was found in most of the southern sites whereas an increasing trend was observed in the middle and northern sites. This result can be explained by shallowing of lake-bottom morphology with sedimentation and the resultant reduction of sediment retention capacity in the southern zone. Moreover, the sedimentation rate at sampling sites close to river mouths increased by 5-32 times compared with natural rates before 1898. The Kushiro River, into which Lake Takkobu drains under regular flow conditions, further contributed to an increased sedimentation rate, because water from the Kushiro River flows back into Lake Takkobu during floods.

농지 개발로 인한 다량의 세립토사 유입은 타호부호수의 생태계를 악화시키고 있다. 호수 퇴적물의 물리적 특성, $^{137}Cs$, 과 화산재를 이용한 연대측정을 위해 호수 퇴적물 시료 15개를 채취하였다. 타호부호수에서 과거 300년간 토사퇴적속도를 조사한 결과, 유역에서 인위적 개발이 없는 1898년 이전 자연상태에서는 토사퇴적량이 0.1-1.1 mm $year^{-1}$였고, 인위적 개발이 시작된 1898년 이후에는 0.6-12.8 mm $year^{-1}$로 급격하게 증가하였다. 즉, 산림벌채, 하천공사와 농지개발 이후 토사퇴적량은 자연상태보다 6-12배 증가하여 호수의 수심이 얕아지는 현상을 가속시켰다. 1898년부터 1963년 사이의 호수 토사퇴적속도는 개별 소유역으로부터 토사유입 영향에 따라 공간적인 변화가 나타났다. 특히 1898년부터 1963년 사이의 호수 남쪽부분의 토사퇴적량은 산림벌채에 의한 숯 생산과 생산된 숯을 수송하기 위한 운하공사로 인해 호수 중앙과 북쪽부분보다 많았다. 하지만 1963년 이후 남쪽부분의 토사퇴적량이 감소하고 중앙과 북쪽부분에서 토사퇴적량이 증가하여 호수 안에서 토사퇴적의 공간적 변화는 없었다. 왜냐하면 호수 남쪽부분에서 많은 양의 토사퇴적은 호수 수심을 얕게 하여 토사를 침전시키는 능력을 감소시켰기 때문으로 생각되었다. 특히 하천 출구에 위치한 지점의 토사퇴적량은 자연상태에 비해 5-32배 높았다. 그리고 쿠시로강(평상시 타호부호수는 쿠시로강으로 배수)은 홍수시 탁수가 역류하여 호수로 유입하기 때문에 토사 유입 증가에 공헌하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

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