• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.469-491
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• 2016

In this paper, we estimate the exchange rate exposure, indicating the effect of exchange rate movements on firm values, for a sample of 1,400 firms in seven East Asian countries. The exposure estimates based on various exchange rate variables, return horizons and a control variable are compared. A key result from our analysis is that the long term effect of exchange rate movements on firm values is greater than the short term effect. And we find very similar results from using other exchange rate variables such as the U.S. dollar exchange rate, etc. Second, we add exchange rate volatility as a control variable and find that the extent of exposure is not much changed. Third, we examine the changes in exposure to exchange rate volatility with an increase in return horizon. Consequently the ratio of firms with significant exposures increases with the return horizons. Interestingly, the increase of exposure with the return horizons is faster for exposure to volatility than for exposure to exchange rate itself. Taken as a whole, our findings suggest that the socalled "exposure puzzle" may be a matter of the methodology used to measure exposure.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.263-271
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• 1996

Sulconazole nitrate(SCN), an imidazole derivative which has been effective in the treatment of dermatophytosis, tinea versicolor and candidiasis, was formulated as a gel containing drug, poloxamer 407, ethanol and propylene glycol. The resulting SCN gels were evaluated with respect to their viscosity, drug release rate, skin permeation rate. The apparent viscosity of SCN gel increased in proportion to poloxamer 407, drug and propylene glycol concentration. In case ethanol was added, the apparent viscosity decreased. The drug release rate of SCN gel increased in proportion to temperature and ethanol concentration. But the drug release rate decreased as the concentration of poloxamer 407 increased. The increase of drug concentration induced nonlinear increase of drug release rate. When propylene glycol was added at the level of 10%, the drug release rate increased but from 15% it decreased. The skin permeation rate decreased in high concentration of poloxamer 407. The skin permeation rate of SCN gel containing 15% ethanol increased about twice than that of gel without ethanol. The increase of drug concentration induced nonlinear increase of skin permeation rate. When propylene glycol was added at the level of 10%, the skin permeation rate increased but from 15% it decreased.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to identify regional differences in the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users in Korea and to identify relevant regional factors for each quintile using quantile regression. Methods: Data from 227 counties surveyed by the 2017 Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS) were analyzed. The analysis dataset included secondary data extracted from the Korean Statistical Information Service and data from the KCHS. To identify regional factors related to the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users, quantile regression was conducted by dividing the data into 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% quantiles, and multiple linear regression was also performed. Results: The current smoking rate, perceived stress rate, crude divorce rate, and financial independence rate, as well as one's social network, were related to the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users. The quantile regression revealed that the perceived stress rate was related to all quantiles except for the 90% quantile, and the financial independence rate was related to the 50% to 90% quantiles. The crude divorce rate was related to the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users in all quantiles. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that local health programs for high-risk drinking are needed in areas with high local stress and high crude divorce rates.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.1-26
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• 2022

This paper analyzes the effects of the cut in the legal maximum interest rate (from 27.4% to 24%) that occurred in February of 2018 on loan interest rates, the default rates, and the loan approval rate of borrowers in the non-banking sector. We use the difference-in-difference identification strategy to estimate the effect of the cut in the legal maximum interest rate using micro-level data from a major credit-rating company. The legal maximum rate cut significantly lowers the loan interest rate and default rate of low-credit borrowers (i.e., high-credit-risk borrowers) in the non-banking sector. However, this effect is limited to borrowers who have not been excluded from the market despite the legal maximum interest rate cut. The loan approval rate of low-credit borrowers decreased significantly after the legal maximum interest rate cut. Meanwhile, the loan approval rate of high-credit and medium-credit (i.e., low credit risk and medium credit risk) borrowers increased. This implies that financial institutions in the non-banking sector should reduce the loan supply to low-credit borrowers who are no longer profitable while increasing the loan supply to high- and medium-credit borrowers.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2023

Exercise is beneficial to the body in some ways. It is vital for people who have heart problems to perform exercise according to their condition. This paper describes how an Android platform can provide early warnings of fatigue during wushu exercise using Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals. Using the data from a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) gyroscope to detect heart rate, this study contributes an algorithm to determine a user's fatigue during wushu exercise. It sends vibration messages to the user's smartphone device when the heart rate exceeds the limit or is too fast during exercise. The heart rate monitoring system in the app records heart rate data in real-time while exercising. A simple pulse sensor and Android app can be used to monitor heart rate. This plug-in sensor measures heart rate based on photoplethysmography (PPG) signals during exercise. Pulse sensors can be easily inserted into the fingertip of the user. An embedded microcontroller detects the heart rate by connecting a pulse sensor transmitted via Bluetooth to the smartphone. In order to measure the impact of physical activity on heart rate, Wushu System tests are conducted using various factors, such as age, exercise speed, and duration. During testing, the Android app was found to detect heart rate with an accuracy of 95.3% and to warn the user when their heart rate rises to an abnormal level.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.197-208
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• 2023

Rate-dependent mechanical response of sand, subjected to loading of medium to high strain rate range, is of interest for several civilian and military applications. Such rate-dependent response can vary significantly based on the initial density state of the sand, applied confining pressure, considered strain rate range, drainage condition and sand morphology. A numerical study has been carried out employing a recently proposed visco-plastic constitutive model to explore the rate-dependent mechanical behaviour of Toyoura sand under drained triaxial loading condition. The model parameters have been calibrated using the experimental data on Toyoura sand available in published literature. Under strain rates higher than a reference strain rate, the simulation results are found to be in good agreement with the experimentally observed characteristic shearing behaviour of sand, which includes increased shear strength, pronounced post-peak softening and suppressed compression. The rate-dependent response, subjected to intermediate strain rate range, has further been assessed in terms of enhancement of peak shear strength and peak friction angle over varying initial density and confining pressure. The simulation results indicate that the rate-induced strength increase is highest for the dense state and such strength enhancements remain nearly independent of the applied confinement level.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.13.1-13.7
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• 2016

Background: In the present study, various freezing containers were tested for mouse embryos of respective developmental stages; embryos were vitrified and then their survival rate and developmental rate were monitored. Mouse two cell, 8 cell, and blastula stage embryos underwent vitrification freezing-thawing and then their recovery rate, survival rate, development rate, and hatching rate were investigated. Methods: EM-grid, OPS, and cryo-loop were utilized for vitrification freezing-thawing of mouse embryos. Results: It was found that recovery rate and survival rate were higher in the group of cryo-loop compared to those of EM-grid (p < 0.05). Embryonic development rate, two cell embryos to blastocyst, as well as hatching rate were higher in the control group compared to the EM-grid group and OPS group (p < 0.05), yet no difference was noted between the control group and cryo-loop group. Development rate and hatching rate of eight cell morulae and blastocysts were all lower in the treatment groups than the control group whilst hatching rate of blastocysts was higher in the control group compared to the groups of EM-grid and OPS (p < 0.05); although the cryo-loop group was shown to be slightly higher than other groups, it was not statistically significant. Conclusions: In the study, we investigate effects of freezing containers on vitrified embryos of respective developmental stages; it was demonstrated that higher developmental rate was shown in more progressed (or developed) embryos with more blastomeres. There was however, no difference in embryonic development rate was shown amongst containers. Taken together, further additional studies are warranted with regards to 1) manipulation techniques of embryos for various vitrification freezing containers and 2) preventive measures against contamination via liquid nitrogen.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.2 no.2 s.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 1998

In this paper, the implementation of dual rate ADPCM using G.726 16Kbps and 40Kbps speech codec algorithm is handled. For small signals, the low rate 16Kbps coding algorithm shows almost the same SNR as the high rate 40Kbps coding algorithm , while the high rate 40Kbps coding algorithm shows the higher SNR than the low rate 16Kbps coding algorithm fur large signal. To obtain the good trade-off between the data rate and synthesized speech quality, we applied low rate 16Kbps for the small signal and high rate 40Kbps for the large signal. Various threshold values determining the rate are applied for good trade-off between data rate and speech quality. The simulation result shows the good speech quality at a low rate comparing with 16Kbps & 40Kbps.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.221-226
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• 1994

Copper T 380A intrauterine devices were inserted to nine thousand and nine hundred twenty women by 51 KAVS-member physicians since January 1, 1993 through December 31, 1993. This study was undertaken for the clinical analysis on a total of 9,920 women wearing Copper T 380A to grasp the effectivness as well as the expulsion rate due to a various side effects. The following features were the results of the study: 1. During the twelve months period, from January 1993 to December 1993, the largest number of IUD insertion per one physician is 740 cases and the smallest number 60 cases, the mean 195 cases. 2. After insertion of Copper T 380A, a total of 117 cases were removed the IUD;81 cases(0.8%) were due to extensive bleeding and 36 cases(O.36%) were due to pain. The pregnancy failure rate represented comparatively lower rate, 0.08% (8 cases) and the expulsion rate was 0.06%(6 cases). 3. The removal rate of Copper T 380A was different by physicians. The highest removal rate for bleeding was 3.13% and 13 physicians(25.5%) did not experience any bleeding cases. 4. For the removal rate for pain, 30 physicians(58.8%) did not experience any removal of IUD due to pain while 21 physicians(41.2%) removed IUD due to pain: 17 physiciansC33.4 %) had 0.1-1.5% of removal rate and 4 physiciansC7.0%) had 1.6-2.1% of removal rate. 5. A total of 43 physicians(84.3 %) did not experience any pregnancy failure case while 8 (15.7%) physicians was experienced pregnancy failure rate. Four physicians(7.8%) had 0.1-0.5% of pregnancy failure rate and 4 physicians had 0.6-1.0% of pregnancy failure rate. 6. Expulsion rate showed comparatively lower, 0.06% in this study. A total of 45 physicians (88.2%) did not experience any expulsion cases while 6 physicians(11.7%) had expulsion rate with the highest expulsion rate of 2.0%.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.1044-1047
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• 2013

Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) provides effective Internet Service accesses to users by utilizing multi-rate and multi-channel. In multi-rate networks, the Rate Anomaly (RA) problem occurs, the problem that low-rate link degrades the performance of high-rate link. In this paper we propose Rate Gap Minimum Channel Assignment (RGM-CA) protocol that select the minimal rate gap parent node and assign the channel in order to mitigates the rate anomaly problem. RDM-CA protocol is efficient because it consider rate anomaly, channel diversity and node connectivity.