• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1969

Antimuscarinic agent like antispasmodic actions of licorice alkaloidal fraction, obtained from the Glycyrrhiza glabra L., was compared with that of atropine quantitatively. For this purpose, the author calculated the kinetic constants and $ED_{50}$ for acetylcholine antagonism by these drugs on rat ileum and guinea-fig ileum longitudinal muscle according to Paton's theoretical equations describing the combination of an antagonist drug with its receptors. The results are as follows. 1. On rat ileum. a) Licorice alkaloidal fraction $K_1$ (association rate constant)=$4.078{\times}10^2\;(s^{-1}\;gm^{-1}\;ml)$ $K_2$ (dissociation rate constant)=$6.986{\times}10^{-4}\;(s^{-1})$ $ED_{50}(K_2/K_1)=1.772{\times}10^{-6}(gm/ml)$ b) Atropine $K_1=5.136{\times}10^6$, $K_2=7.714{\times}10^{-4}$, $ED_{50}=1.408{\times}10^{-10}$ 2. On guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle a) Licorice alkaloidal fraction $K_1=1.30{\times}10^2$, $K_2=1.25{\times}10^{-3}$ $ED_{50}=9.58{\times}10^{-6}$ b) Atropine $K_1=5.75{\times}10^6$, $K_2=1.54{\times}10^{-3}$ $ED_{50}=2.68{\times}10^{-10}$ Above results present that 1 r of licorice alkaloidal fraction has equal fotency of acetylcholine antagonism with $8.5{\times}10^{-5}r$ of atropine on rat ileum, $2.8{\times}10^{-5}r$ on guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle. This facts suggest that the site and numbers of licorice alkaloid receptors of guinea-pig ileum are different from that of rat ileum. Besides, it also gives a suggestion that licorice alkaloidal fraction may be a partial antagonist on guinea-pig ileum in this experimental conditions.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.99-101
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• 1982

The methanolic extracts of thirty-one medicinal plants were screened for anticholinergic and oxytocic activity in rat's ileum and uterus, respectively. In addition, their effects on the ileum and antagonism against oxytocin in the uterus were observed.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.34-38
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop a cocktail approach for the measurement of the permeability of marker compounds, caffeine and propranolol (high permeability), ofloxacin (intermediate), atenolol (low), and quinidine (P-glycoprotein substrate), simultaneously. Then we compared the permeability in Caco-2 cells with that in rat intestinal segments. The difference between individual measurement and cocktail approach was less than 20 %, and the permeabilities of these compounds were similar to those previously reported, suggesting that the cocktail transport study and simultaneous drug analysis were successfully developed and validated in this study. Additionally, in the application of this cocktail method, the permeability of five drugs in rat jejunum was similar to that in ileum but different from that in colon, which was measured using the Ussing chamber system. Moreover, permeability in jejunum and ileum was similar to that in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, the permeability in Caco-2 cells was equivalent to the permeability in rat jejunum and ileum determined with the Ussing system. Therefore, this newly developed cocktail assay and its application to the Ussing system can be a useful tool for robust and rapid screening for site-specific permeability in rat intestine, thus accelerating the prediction of absorption of new chemical entities.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.104-109
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• 1991

Carbamates are generally used as insecticide, thus 8-hydroxy-5-chloroquinolinyl-N-ethylcarbamate was newly synthesized. Its physical properties were determined and chemical structure was identified by means of IR, nmr in addition to elemental analysis. The effect of the compound on rat's ileum, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined. It was observed that the dosage over 100 $\mu$g/ml of the compound relaxed rat's ileum and the same dosage of the compound inhibited growth of the above strains of bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.200-202
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• 1981

Alisol B(II) and alisol B monoacetate (III) isolated from the rhizome of Alisma orientale Jazepczuk (Alismataceae) showed antagonistic effects against the contractions induced by angiotensin and bradykinin in rat ileum. However, they seem to be nonspecific antagonism.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.27-30
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• 1979

The methanolic extracts of fifty medicinal plants were screened for anticholinergic and oxytocic activity in rat's ileum or uterus. In addition, their effect on the ileum and antagonism against oxytocin in the uterus were tested.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.87-87
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• 1995

The muscarinic effects of carbachol were compared on the isolated ileums of guinea-pig, rat and rabbit to elucidate the underlying mechanism of species differences in sensitivity for carbachol. The ED$\_$50/ value estimated on the guinea-pig ileum was 4 to 6-fold lower than those obtained on the rat and rabbit ileums, but the K$\_$A/ values of carbachol determined by functional assays were almost identical with 12-l7 ${\mu}$M in all of three ileums. The competition data of carbachol for [$^3$H]QNB binding were best described by a two-site model yielding the Ki values of 0.4-0.6${\mu}$M and 12-16${\mu}$M for high(K$\_$H/) and low(K$\_$L/) affinity sites, respectively. The low affinity dissociation constants(K$\_$L/) of carbachol determined from receptor binding studies thus were not significantly different from the K$\_$A/ values estimated from functional studies. The percentage of receptor occupation that carbachol requires for half-maximal response was approximately 3 to 5-fold lower in guinea-pig compared to rat and rabbit whereas the density of muscarinic binding sites per gram of ileum measured by [$^3$H]QNB saturation isotherms was two-fold higher in guinea-pig than that in rat and rabbit. Therefore, the numbers of muscarinic receptors occupied at ED$\_$50/ values of carbachol were about two-fold lower in guinea-pig, suggesting two-fold greater intrinsic efficacy. These results indicate that the guinea-pig ileum has higher muscarinic receptor density and greater intrinsic efficacy for carbachol than the rat and rabbit ileums.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.246-248
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• 1991

The methanolic extracts of forty-two medicinal plants were screened for direct effects on the isolated ileum and uterus and for anticholinergic and oxytocic effects on the respective organ preparation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 2000

Aspalatone [3-(2-methyl-4proponyl)]-2-acetyloxybenzoate, CAS 147249-33-0) is a compound having an antithrombotic action. General pharmacological properties of aspalatone were studied. Aspalatone had no effect on central nervous system and no anticonvulsant effect up to 1200 mg/kg p.o. However, the compound has hypothermic and analgesic effect. When administered intravenously in rabbits, aspalatone did not affect blood pressure, heat rate and respiration rate and depth, and it did not inhibit transient hypotensive effect of acetylcholine. The compound did not affect isolated guinea-pig ileum and tracheal strip at a concentration of 1${\times}$$10^{-4}$, and did not inhibit histamine-induced contraction of guinea-pig ileum. It also did not affect isolated rat stomach fundus and estrogenated rat uterus at 1${\times}$$10^{-4}$, and did not inhibit contraction produced by acetylcholine or oxytocin. The pupil size and intestinal propulsion were not influenced at a large dose of was shown. The compound showed a slight increase in urine volume and led to decreased excretion of potassium in urine of rats. The results suggest that aspalatone may have no considerable adverse effects in general pharmacological aspect.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.155-156
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• 2003

RNA was isolated from mucosal tissue of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon after perfusion. The gene expression profiles were measured using Affymetrix GeneChip(R) analysis. Prodrug valacyclovir permeability was 5-fold and 2-fold higher than the parent drug acyclovir in the jejunum and ileum, respectively.(omitted)