The Samyuri area of Jeoksang-myeon, Muju-gun at the Middle Yeongnam Massif consists of granitic gneiss, porphyroblastic gneiss and leucocratic gneiss, which correspond to Precambrian Wonnam Series. Here we discuss a geochemical implication of the data based on major element composition, trace element, rare earth element (REE), Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope systematics of the boring cores in the granite gneiss area. The boring cores are granitic gneiss (including biotite gneiss) and amphibolite. The major and trace element compositions of granitic gneiss and amphibolite suggest that the protolith belongs to TTG (Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granodiorite) and tholeiitic series, respectively. Chondrte-normalized REE patterns vary in LREE, HREE and Eu anomalies. The granitic gneiss and amphibolite have Sm-Nd whole rock age of $2,026{\pm}230(2{\sigma})$ Ma with an initial Nd isotopic ratio of $0.50979{\pm}0.00028(2{\sigma})$ (initial ${\epsilon}_{Nd}=-4.4$), which suggests that the source material was derived from old crustal material. Particularly, this initial ${\epsilon}$ Nd value belongs to the range of the geochemical evolution of Archean basement in North-China Craton, and also corresponds to the initial Nd isotope evolution line by Lee et al. (2005). In addition, chondrite-normalized REE pattern and initial Nd value of amphibolite are very similar to those of juvenile magma in crustal formation process.
Objectives: Three classic treatment modalities have been used to treat Graves' disease: antithyroid medication, radioiodine ablation, and subtotal thyroidectomy. Postoperative thyroid functions were studied in patients with Graves' disease treated by subtotal thyroidectomy to evaluate the superiority of surgical treatment. Materials and Methods: One hundred fourty patients of Graves' disease were analysed retrospectively in follow-up for more than three years following subtotal thyroidectomy. Postoperative serum levels of $T_3,\;T_4, TSH, TSH-R Ab, free $T_4$, were evaluated to watch hypo- or hyperthyroidsm. Results: In the evaluation of preop- and postoperative thyroid function after three years of subtotal thyroidectomy, $T_3$ was changed from $464.10{\pm}196.16ng/dl$ to $140.41{\pm}76.56ng/dl$ in mean value, $T_4$ was changed from $20.76{\pm}7.98{\mu}g/dl$ to $9.54{\pm}4.02{\mu}g/dl$, $TSHT_3$ was changed from $0.55{\pm}4.42{\mu}u/ml$ to $4.96{\pm}7.20{\mu}u/ml$, TSH-R Ab was changed from $41.6{\pm}28.27%$ to $28.7{\pm}28.79%$ and free $T_4$ was changed from $4.45{\pm}2.33ng/dl$ to $1.44{\pm}0.69ng/dl$ in mean value. Euthyroidism was noted in 118 patients(84.3%), overt hyperthyroidism in 6 patiens(4.3%), latent hyperthyroidism in 8 patients(5.7%), overt hypothyroidism in 2 patint(1.4%), and latent hypothyroidism in 6 patients(4.3%). Of surgical complications, permanant hypoparathyroidism was found in one patient, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in two patients, postoprative bleeding with reoperation in two patients, and death in one patient. Conclusion: The thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy in diffuse toxic goiter is normal level (euthyroidism) in 84.3% and low recurrence rate of hyperthyroidism is showed with rare surgical complication. Therefore, subtotal thyroidectomy in diffuse toxic goiter is more effective and safe than RI or longterm ATD treatment, if the operation is performed by skillful surgeon.
Berchemia berchemiaefolia is a rare and endangered species and important as a honey resource. The purposes of this study were to investigate physical environmental factors and the population and community structure of Berchemia berchemiaefolia stands at Mt. Gunja in Sogrisan National Park in Chungcheongbuk-do. The B. berchemiaefolia stands belonged to deciduous forests in mid-temperate zone and were $5{\sim}25^{\circ}$ in slope, 30~90% in rock ratio, and 6.37 in soil pH. They had 656 trees within the area of 36 ha and their average density was 18.2 trees per ha. The trees within the stands were 11.8 m in tree height, 22.6 cm in DBH and 56 years old. The number of branched stems was the maximum 8 and 32.9% of the trees were branched. B. berchemiaefolia trees over 12 cm diameter occupied 89.9%, but young B. berchemiaefolia did only 11%. The structure of B. berchemiaefolia stands were classified into three groups as Acer pseudo-sieboldianum & A. mono community group, A. pseudo-sieboldianum & Quercus aliena community group, and B. berchemiaefolia & Quercus serata community group. The mean importance value of B. berchemiaefolia was 10.9%, while species diversity of the community ranged 0.77~1.31 and interspecific competition ranged 0.78~0.94. The dominance of the community ranged of 0.07~0.29 and the evenness ranged 0.71~0.93. Although B. berchemiaefolia was dominant in the habitat, but the species was already in natural successional stage to Cornus controversa or Ulmus davidiana var. japonica.
This research was carried out in order to make clear population and community structure of Berchemia berchemiaefolia forest surveyed from October 1998 to October 2004 which was located in Janggok-Ri Gunwi-Gun, Kyungpook province. B. berchemiaefolia community was classified into 3 groups such as Picrasma quassioides group, Carex ciliata-marginata group and Typical group using ZM methods. In case of floristic composition structure according to crown stories, B. berchemiaefolia occupied 42.82%, 34.43%, and 5.28%, in tree layer, subtree layer and shrub layer, respectively. Importance value of Quercus variabilis, Platycarya strobilacea and Quercus serrate species was generally high. Species diversity of Picrasma quassioides group indicated 1.6669 which was highest value among the 3 vegetation groups. Population of B. berchemiaefolia showed overall the structure of reverse J type in DBH class showing the peak between 6 cm and 10 cm and reached 14 meters in height class, and the age structure of the population ranged from 11 years to 60 years showing regular distribution type. Stump sprout or/and epicormic branch made numerous stems around original stump of previous generation which was considered to be cut and disappeared by residents. Seedlings or/and saplings of B. berchemiaefolia were intensively occurred in the opened areas of forest road. Those things could be certainly considered to establish management plan of B. berchemiaefolia forest.
Kim, Chang-Ho;Choi, Ah-Young;Kay, Kee-Sung;Cho, Kyu-Zong
The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
/
v.35
no.2
/
pp.308-329
/
1997
A lot of the research paper was reported about the result of influence of IMC (Intra-mobile connector) in the IMZ implant placed solely in the alveolar bone, but reports about the effect of IMC on functional load at state of connecting with natural teeth ere rare. The major propose of this study was find the mechanical character of IMC itself by using the finite element analysis program after simulated variance of condition connected with the natural teeth and implant on funcional load. When first and second premolar was lost, IMZ implant was placed with a diameter of 3.3mm and a length of 13mm with IMC in second premolar area. Rigid connection was done and the non-figid connention was located on the female part of the canine abutment and the implant respectively and then both the infraocclusion of $30{\mu}m$ and the non-infraocclusion under the load of 40kg applied to the portion of the natural teeth, the pontic and the implant. The displacement and the stress of it was estimated and analyzed IMC itself of the rigid connection and the non-rigid connection was grouped. The following result were obtained. 1. In all groups, the displacement of Y-axis was greater than that of X-axis and the aspect of displacement showed that IMC was displaced downward and to the center. 2. There was no differences in the displacement of IMC regardless of the connection type. 3. In the displacement of IMC, I 4 was the least, I 1 and I 3 are similar and I 2 was the greatest. 4. There was no differences in the peak value of maximal stress of IMC regardless of the connection type. 5. In the peak value of maximal stress of IMC, I 4 was the least, I 1 and I 3 were similar, and I 2 was the largest.
Park, Se-Hwan;Lee, Seung-Yup;Kang, Seung-Mo;Seon, Choon-Sik;Kim, Hyun-Kyung;Lee, Byoung-Hoon;Lee, Jae-Hyung;Kim, Sang-Hoon
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
/
v.71
no.3
/
pp.188-194
/
2011
Background: When patients with chronic respiratory symptoms have a normal spirometry result, it is not always easy to consider bronchial asthma as the preferential diagnosis. Forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity ($FEF_{25{\sim}75%}$) is known as a useful diagnostic value of small airway diseases. However, it is not commonly used, because of its high individual variability. We evaluated the pattern of bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) and the correlation between $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}$ and BDR in patients with suspicious asthma and normal spirometry. Methods: Among patients with suspicious bronchial asthma, 440 adult patients with a normal spirometry result (forced expiratory volume in one second [$FEV_1$]/forced vital capacity [FVC] ${\geq}70%$ & $FEV_1%$ predicted ${\geq}80%$) were enrolled. We divided this group into a positive BDR group (n=43) and negative BDR group (n=397), based on the result of BDR. A comparison was carried out of spirometric parameters with % change of $FEV_1$ after bronchodilator (${\Delta}FEV_1%$). Results: Among the 440 patients with normal spirometry, $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}%$ predicted were negatively correlated with ${\Delta}FEV_1%$ (r=-0.22, p<0.01), and BDR was positive in 43 patients (9.78%). The means of $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}%$ predicted were $64.0{\pm}14.5%$ in the BDR (+) group and $72.9{\pm}20.8%$ in the BDR (-) group (p<0.01). The negative correlation between $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}%$ predicted and ${\Delta}FEV_1%$ was stronger in the BDR (+) group (r=-0.38, p=0.01) than in the BDR (-) group (r=-0.17, p<0.01). In the ROC curve analysis, $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}$ at 75% of predicted value had 88.3% sensitivity and 40.3% specificity for detecting a positive BDR. Conclusion: BDR (+) was not rare in patients with suspicious asthma and normal spirometry. In these patients, $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}%$ predicted was well correlated with BDR.
In the Internet environment many interactions between many users and unknown users take place and it is usually rare to have the trust information about others. Due to the lack of trust information, entities have to take some risks in transactions with others. In this perspective, it is crucial for the entities to be equipped with functionality to accumulate and manage the trust information on other entities in order to reduce risks and uncertainty in their transactions. This paper is concerned with a quantitative computational trust model which takes into account multiple evaluation criteria and uses the recommendation from others in order to get the trust for an entity. In the proposed trust model, the trust for an entity is defined as the expectation for the entity to yield satisfactory outcomes in the given situation. Once an interaction has been made with an entity, it is assumed that outcomes are observed with respect to evaluation criteria. When the trust information is needed, the satisfaction degree, which is the probability to generate satisfactory outcomes for each evaluation criterion, is computed based on the empirical outcome outcome distributions and the entity's preference degrees on the outcomes. Then, the satisfaction degrees for evaluation criteria are aggregated into a trust value. At that time, the reputation information is also incorporated into the trust value. This paper also shows that the model could help the entities effectively choose other entities for transactions with some experiments in e-commerce.
Purpose: For aesthetic reasons, composite resin brackets are widely used. However, related studies are rare. This pilot study sought to compare the stress distributions in two commercially available composite resin brackets with metal slot. Materials and Methods: Two commercially available resin brackets -- full-metal slot resin bracket (fSRB) and partial-metal slot resin bracket (pSRB) with straight wire appliance dimension of $0.022{\times}0.028$ in -- were selected. In each bracket, 3-dimensional finite element models were constructed, and stress level was evaluated using finite element analysis. By loading the tipping force and torsion moment, which are similar to those applied by the stainless steel rectangular wire ($0.019{\times}0.025$ -in), stress distributions were calculated, and von Mises stress values were obtained. Results: In pSRB and fSRB, the stress value of the torque moment was much higher than that of the tipping force. The pSRB showed higher stress value than fSRB in both tipping force and torque moment because of the difference in size and configuration of the metal frame inserted into the slot. More stress was also found to be concentrated on the slot area than the wing area in fSRB. Conclusion: The slot form of fSRB was found to be more resistant to the stress of tipping and torque than the slot form of pSRB. In addition, the slot areas -- rather than the wing areas -- of the bracket showed breakage susceptibility. Therefore, resistance to the torque moment on the slot area should be considered in bracket design.
Kim, Soo-Lo;Park, Sung-Bin;Choi, Byung-Hee;Yun, Jung-Mann;Jeong, Gyo-Cheol
Tunnel and Underground Space
/
v.26
no.6
/
pp.455-465
/
2016
The collapse of underground mine development void for mineral resources can cause the subsidence of ground surface. In order to prevent the subsidence of ground, data such as maps or pictures of past mining site is important information for current mine reclamation works. In particular, mine subsidence management was based on mining maps and pictures. The process of the mining area surveys, safety evaluation, and ground reinforcement are normally possible with information such as maps and pictures in past mining. During the Japanese colonial period and 1960's, a lot of mines were developed in Korea indiscriminately. However, mining information at that time is limited to use. In the future, mining information will become even more rare. MIRECO intends to establish a realistic alternative solution. In this study, the basic numerical information of developed mine tunnels in Korea is statistically reviewed, and advanced underground cavity measuring technology was studied. 4,473 mine tunnel opening data of 1,784 abandoned mines in korea were collected and sorted. As a result of the analysis, the average value of small mine tunnel openings in Korea was 1.982 m in height and 1.959 m in width. The mean value of shape factor was analyzed as 0.485. The summary of these numerical mine data will be helpful for understanding and researching Korean abandoned mines. Therefore, the development of measurement technology for abandoned mine cavities and tunnels is expected to facilitate more effective mine subsidence management works in Korea.
Kim, Jae Hyun;Park, Shinyeong;Lee, Myung Hwa;Rhee, Jiyeol;Kim, Yeong Jin;Hong, Young Chuel;Cheon, Jiyeon;Kim, Seung Ho;An, Jong-Bin
Journal of Wetlands Research
/
v.24
no.4
/
pp.268-287
/
2022
This study reports newly discovered seven forest wetlands in the western part of the Korean Demilitarized Zone-Civilian Control Zone ecoregion. The wetland assessment criteria proposed by National Arboretum were adopted to evaluate four fields: vegetation and landscape, biogeochemical cycle, hydraulics and hydrology, and social-cultural-historical landscape and disturbances. Among seven wetlands located in Gimpo and Paju, five were of the fallow field type and two were of the natural type. A total of 474 plant species were recorded, including nine rare plants, such as the Carex capricornis Meinsh. ex Maxim. Three forest wetlands were sorted into A-grade, three into B-grade, and one into C-grade. Monitoring forest wetlands scattered across the border area ruled by military regulations can be challenging; still, as forest wetlands with high conservation value turned out, further investigations through remote sensing and cooperation by the relevant agencies will be required.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.