• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2004

This paper deals with a mixed logit model for ordered polytomous data. There are two types of factors affecting the response varable in this paper. One is a fixed factor with finite quantitative levels and the other is a random factor coming from an experimental structure such as a randomized complete block design. It is discussed how to set up the model for analyzing ordered polytomous data and illustrated how to estimate the paramers in the given model.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different lupin kernel levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing pigs. In experiment 1, a total of 54 barrows and 54 growing gilts, with an average initial body weight of $24.7{\pm}0.38kg$, was used to determine the effect of different lupin kernel levels (0, 10% and 20%; Control, LK10 and LK20, respectively) in the diets on growth performance with a $3{\times}3$ randomized complete block design for 35 days. There were no significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed:gain among treatments. In experiment 2, a total of 54 barrows and 36 finishing gilts, with an average initial body weight of $63.0{\pm}0.56kg$, was used to determine the effect of different lupin kernel levels (0, 15% and 30%; Control, LK15 and LK30, respectively) in the diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics with a $3{\times}3$ randomized complete block design for 63 days. LK30 decreased ADG and ADFI compared with the Control and LK15 (p<0.05). However, LK30 tended to improve feed:gain compared with the Control and LK15. And LK15 did not differ from the Control in ADG, ADFI and feed:gain. With inclusion of lupin kernel in the finishing diet, backfat thickness increased (p<0.01) and carcass grade tended to be improved compared with the Control.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2001

Present study was undertaken in order to document early renal ultrasonographic changes of gentamicin nephrotoxicosis and to show the value of renal ultrasonography as a contributory means of early diagnosis of acute renal failure in dogs. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with six treatments in two blocks (gentamicin-treated & saline-treated). Acute renal failure was induced by toxic dosage of gentamicin (30 mg/kg) and saline solution sham equivalent in volume to that of the toxic dosage of gentamicin (1.5-3ml). Subjective visualization of increased renal cortex was visible as homogenous echoes that were hypoechoic relative to the surrounding tissues, whereas the renal medulla was anechoic to slightly hypoechoic. After treatment, the renal cortex was hyperechoic relative to the surrounding tissue. Increased renal cortex echogenicity was associated with significant nephrotoxicosis and was superior to serum creatinine elevation in nephrotoxicosis detection. Urine GGT was superior to other clinicopathological data utilized in the diagnosis of nephrotoxicosis. Based on the above results, increased renal cortex echogenicity seemed to be of use in detecting of acute renal failure.

• 약학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.364-368
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• 2002

Optimal synthetic conditions of barium sulfate were investigated from the viewpoint of yield and bulkiness according to a randomized complete block design proposed by Box and Wilson. Barium chloride and Sodium sulfate were utilized as reactants in order to prepare barium sulfate in this study. The optimum Synthesis conditions of barium sulfate obtained from this study are as follows; Reactant temperature; 60~75$^{\circ}C$ (viewpoint of yield) and 60~71$^{\circ}C$ (viewpoint of bulkiness). Concentration of two reactants; 12.7~14.4％ (viewpoint of yield) and 5~10.5％ (viewpoint of bulkiness). Mole ratio of two reactants, [BaCl$_2$]/[Na$_2$SO$_4$]; 1.62~1.96 (viewpoint of yield) and 2.0 (viewpoint of bulkiness). Reacting time; 13~15 minutes (viewpoint of yield) and 12~14 minutes (viewpoint of bulkiness). Drying temperature of product; 86~10$0^{\circ}C$ (viewpoint of yield) and 6$0^{\circ}C$ (viewpoint of bulkiness).

• Educational Technology International
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2021

This study examined the effects of egocentric distance and screen size on learners' perceived virtual presence in a virtual reality environment with a large-screen display. Sixty-four undergraduate students participated in the study, which used a 3×2 randomized-block factorial design with repeated measures. Two independent variables were included: 1) egocentric distance, or the physical distance between the viewer's position and a screen display, and 2) screen size, or different screen heights with fixed width. Learners' perceived virtual presence, comprising involvement, spatial presence, and realness, was the dependent variable. Results showed that egocentric distance had significant effects on virtual presence, while screen size had none. A detailed discussion and implications are provided.

• Educational Technology International
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.137-168
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• 2019

This study examined the effects of information volume and distribution on learners' cognitive load and recall in a mobile augmented reality (AR) environment. Information volume refers to the degree of information users are provided in a learning task, while information distribution indicates the way in which information is distributed, either in a virtual or real format. Sixteen undergraduate students participated in the study, which employed a 2 × 3 randomized block factorial design with repeated measures. Information volume and distribution were independent variables, and factors in learners' cognitive load (mental effort, perceived ease of use, and perceived task difficulty) and recall test scores were the dependent variables. Information volume had significant main effects on perceived ease of use and task difficulty, and recall test scores, while information distribution had significant main effects on perceived task difficulty and test scores. A detailed discussion and implications are provided.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2020

Background: Complications following impacted third molar surgery significantly affect patients' quality of life during the immediate postoperative period. This study aimed to achieve the proper anesthesia method by comparing the effect of the application of lidocaine alone with the application of lidocaine and articaine simultaneously in reducing the complications during and following impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Methods: The study design was a split-mouth double-blind randomized clinical trial. The study was conducted on 13 patients (26 samples) referred for elective surgical removal of bilateral impacted mandibular third molar with similar difficulty on both sides. Each patient underwent similar surgical procedures on two separate appointments. Each patient randomly received 2% lidocaine for conventional inferior alveolar nerve block and 4% articaine for local infiltration before the surgery on one side (group A) and 2% lidocaine alone (for both block anesthesia and infiltration) before the surgery on the other side (group B). Intraoperative and postoperative variables for both groups were established and statistically analyzed. Results: The findings showed that pain on the first day after surgery in group A was significantly lower than that in group B. The patients in group A mentioned experiencing less discomfort following the surgery. The increased horizontal swelling on the first and third days following surgery and oblique swelling on the seventh day in patients in group B were statistically significant. Conclusion: Choosing an appropriate anesthetic drug for oral surgery, specifically impacted third molar surgery, is dependent on the clinician's opinion, however; it seems that the combination of lidocaine and articaine may control the patient's pain significantly better than lidocaine alone.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1439-1448
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• 2013

확률화 블록계획법이나 교차된 이원분류표에 대한 분산분석과 오차제곱합의 성질은 널리 알려져있다. 본 논문에서는 인자에 따른 수준에 또 다른 인자들이 내포되어 있는 지분계획 특히 이단계 지분계획에 대하여 구조적 특징을 설명하고 오차제곱합의 성질에 대하여 살펴보았다. 또한 이단계 지분계획의 활용으로 크로스오버 계획을 소개하고 생물학이나 약학 등의 분야에서 많이 사용되는 동등성 검정의 신뢰구간 구축에 대하여 설명하였고 실제자료와 SPSS 통계 페키지를 이용하여 분석함으로서 응용성을 부각시켰다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.80-86
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• 1994

The bioavailability of digoxin generic tablets manufactures in Korea (formulations A & B) wwere compared to a standard (formulation C; Lanoxin brand digoxin, Burroughs Wellcome, USA) in 12 healthy Korean male volunteers (mean age 31.4 years) in a single dose, randomized, complete block crossover study. Using a latin square design, each of the subjects was randomized to the order number and allocated to each of the three treatments of 0.5mg oral digoxin. Digoxin conc4ntrations in serum and urine samples collected for 48 hours after dosing were measured by fluoprescence polarization immunoassy and radioimmunoassy, respectively. Treatments were compared by using nonlinear least squares regession analysis to evaluate the following pharmacokinetic parameters : maximum serum concentation $(C_{max})$; time of maximum serum concentation $(T_{max})$; area under the serum concentration-time curve $AUC_{0-12}$, $C_{max}$\;and\;(AUC_{0-12})$; and cummulative urinary excretion for 0-48 hours $(CLE_{0-48}.\;Mean\;AUC_{0-12},\;C_{max},\;and\;CUE_{0-48}$ values for formulations B and C were significantly different from formulation A (P<0.001), but not significantly diffeerent form each other. Basede on $AUL_{0-12}\;and\;CUE_{0-48}$ respectively, the relative availability of formulation B was 87.5% and 89.6% and the relative availability of formultation A was 43% and 35% when compared to formulation C(the standard).

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

Objective: The aim of this review is to explore the latest intervention trends and effects of EMG-triggered functional electrical stimulation on the upper extremity functions in stroke patients. Design: Systematic review on clinical trials. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed to identify clinical trials evaluating the effects of EMG-triggered functional electrical stimulation (EMG-FES) and task-oriented EMG-triggered FES on the hand functions in stroke patients. Literature review was conducted with the following key words: hand function, functional electrical stimulation, task-oriented, stroke. Results: Ten clinical trials were included; 8 of them were randomized controlled trial, 1 was block-randomized, and 1 was a pre-post comparison study. A positive effect of electrical stimulation was reported in the patient groups that were treated with functional electrical stimulation combined with specific tasks, and volitional muscle contraction-triggered stimulation that was synchronized with tasks. Motor capabilities of the hand and arm were improved after the rehabilitation. Conclusions: EMG-triggered electrical stimulation may be more effective than non-triggered electrical stimulation in facilitating the hand functions in stroke patients in terms of muscle strength and voluntary muscle contraction of the paretic hand and arm. Triggered electrical stimulation can be even more effective when it is combined with specific tasks.