• ETRI Journal
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.775-778
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• 2012

We propose integrating random network coding with the Enhanced On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (E-ODMRP). With the Network Coded E-ODMRP (NCE-ODMRP), we present a framework that enables a seamless integration of random linear network coding with conventional ad hoc multicast protocols for enhanced reliability. Simulation results show that the NCE-ODMRP achieves a nearly perfect packet delivery ratio while keeping the route maintenance overhead low to a degree similar to that of the E-ODMRP.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.1510-1532
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• 2017

In smart grid, privacy implications to individuals and their families are an important issue because of the fine-grained usage data collection. Wireless communications are utilized by many utility companies to obtain information. Network coding is exploited in smart grids, to enhance network performance in terms of throughput, delay, robustness, and energy consumption. However, random linear network coding introduces a new challenge for privacy preserving due to the encoding of data and updating of coefficients in forwarder nodes. We propose a distributed privacy preserving scheme for random linear network coding in smart grid that considers the converged flows character of the smart grid and exploits a homomorphic encryption function to decrease the complexities in the forwarder node. It offers a data confidentiality privacy preserving feature, which can efficiently thwart traffic analysis. The data of the packet is encrypted and the tag of the packet is encrypted by a homomorphic encryption function. The forwarder node random linearly codes the encrypted data and directly processes the cryptotext tags based on the homomorphism feature. Extensive security analysis and performance evaluations demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed scheme.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제38A권4호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2013

네트워크 부호화는 중간 노드에서 데이터의 변환을 허용함으로써 전송률 높일 수 있는 방식이지만, 중간 노드에 대한 도청이나 데이터 변조에 취약해지는 문제가 발생한다. 이를 위해 정보이론적 관점에서 또는 암호학적 관점에서 도청 또는 데이터 변조에 저항할 수 있는 다양한 부호화 방식들이 제안되었다. 최근에 암호학적 관점에서 랜덤 네트워크 부호화에도 안전한 네트워크 부호화 방식이 제안되었지만, 안전한 해쉬 함수와 같은 암호학적 도구들의 사용은 센서 노드와 같은 낮은 연산능력을 보유한 장비에서는 적용이 어려운 문제를 지닌다. 이 논문에서는 선형 변환 및 간단한 테이블 룩업을 기반으로 랜덤 네트워크 부호화 사용할 때 n개의 패킷 중에서 공격자가 최대 n-1 개의 패킷을 도청하는 경우에도 n-1 개까지의 사용자 메시지를 동시에 안전하게 전송할 수 있는 안전한 네트워크 부호화 방식을 제안한다. 제안하는 방식은 암호학적으로 전부-또는-전무 변환(all-or-nothing transform) 형태를 가지면서도 정보이론적으로 완화된 조건에서 안전한 네트워크 부호화 방식임을 증명할 것이다.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제19C권4호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2012

네트워크 코딩(Network Coding)은 통신망의 성능 향상에 도움을 줄 수 있으나 이의 소프트웨어적 구현은 부호화/복호화 단계에서 매우 큰 지연시간을 유발할 수 있어 이를 줄일 수 있는 병렬화된 구현이 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 랜덤 리니어 네트워크 코딩(Random Linear Network Coding)과 랜덤 리니어 네트워크 코딩의 단점을 보완하고자 최근 제안된 파이프라인 네트워크 코딩(Pipeline Network Coding)의 병렬처리 성능을 비교한다. 또한, 네트워크 코딩의 CPU에서의 병렬처리 기법과 GPGPU(General Purpose Graphics Processing Units)에서의 병렬처리 기법을 비교하여 네트워크 코딩의 사용 시 그 파라미터에 따라 적절한 병렬처리 기법을 선택할 필요성이 있음을 보여준다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.430-438
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• 2013

This paper addresses the issue of throughput-delay of one-to-many wireless multi-hop flows based on random linear network coding (RLNC). Existing research results have been focusing on the single-hop model which is not suitable for wireless multi-hop networks. In addition, the conditions of related system model are too idealistic. To address these limitations, we herein investigate the performance of a wireless multi-hop network, focusing on the one-to-many flows. Firstly, a system model with multi-hop delay was constructed; secondly, the transmission schemes of system model were gradually improved in terms of practical conditions such as limited queue length and asynchronous forwarding way; thirdly, the mean delay and the mean throughput were quantified in terms of coding window size K and number of destination nodes N for the wireless multi-hop transmission. Our findings show a clear relationship between the multi-hop transmission performance and the network coding parameters. This study results will contribute significantly to the evaluation and the optimization of network coding method.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.252-262
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• 2024

The multi-hop wireless sensor network (WSN) suffers from energy limitation and eavesdropping attacks. We propose a simple and energy-efficient convergecast mechanism using inter-flow random linear network coding that can provide confidentiality to the multi-hop WSN. Our scheme consists of two steps, constructing a logical tree of sensor nodes rooted at the sink node, with using the Bloom filter, and transmitting sensory data encoded by sensor nodes along the logical tree upward to the sink where the encoded data are decoded according to our proposed multi-hop network coding (MHNC) mechanism. We conducted simulations using OMNET++ CASTALIA-3.3 framework and validated that MHNC outperforms the conventional mechanism in terms of packet delivery ratio, data delivery time and energy efficiency.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.714-727
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• 2015

The hierarchical structure in networks is widely applied in many practical scenarios especially in some emergency cases. In this paper, we focus on a tree network with and without packet loss where one source sends data to n destinations, through m relay nodes employing random linear network coding (RLNC) over a Galois field in parallel transmission systems. We derive closed-form probability expressions of successful decoding at a destination node and at all destination nodes in this multicast scenario. For the convenience of computing, we also propose an upper bound for the failure probability. We then investigate the impact of the major parameters, i.e., the size of finite fields, the number of internal nodes, the number of sink nodes and the channel failure probability, on the decoding performance with simulation results. In addition, numerical results show that, under a fixed exact decoding probability, the required field size can be minimized. When failure decoding probabilities are given, the operation is simple and its complexity is low in a small finite field.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.433-440
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 사물인터넷 환경에서 통신 기기들이 정보를 직접 공유하고자 할 때 전체 네트워크의 에너지 소모량을 최소화하기 위한 방식을 제안한다. 제안하는 방식은 매 전송 시 동적으로 전송 노드 및 전송 데이터를 선택하는 효과적인 네트워크 부호화 기법을 사용하여 정보 공유에 필요한 총 전송 횟수를 감소시킨다. 실험을 통하여 기존의 고정된 순서로 전송 노드를 설정하는 네트워크 부호화 방식, 랜덤한 순서로 전송 노드를 설정하는 네트워크 부호화 방식, 그리고 랜덤한 순서로 전송 노드를 설정하는 비부호화 방식에 비해 총 전송 횟수 측면에서 보다 뛰어난 성능을 가짐을 확인하였다.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2008

This paper introduces a new paradigm of physical layer security through channel coding for wireless networks. The well known spread spectrum based physical layer security in wireless network is applicable when code division multiple access (CDMA) is used as wireless air link interface. In our proposal, we incorporate the proposed security protocol within channel coding as channel coding is an essential part of all kind of wireless communications. Channel coding has a built-in security in the sense of encoding and decoding algorithm. Decoding of a particular codeword is possible only when the encoding procedure is exactly known. This point is the key of our proposed security protocol. The common parameter that required for both encoder and decoder is generally a generator matrix. We proposed a random selection of generators according to a security key to ensure the secrecy of the networks against unauthorized access. Therefore, the conventional channel coding technique is used as a security controller of the network along with its error correcting purpose.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권9호
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• pp.4205-4227
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• 2018

Network Coding (NC) is an approach recently investigated for increasing the network throughput and thus enhancing the performance of wireless mesh networks. The benefits of NC can further be improved when routing decisions are made with the awareness of coding capabilities and opportunities. Typically, the goal of such routing is to find and exploit routes with new coding opportunities and thus further increase the network throughput. As shown in this paper, in case of proactive routing the coding awareness along with the information of the measured traffic coding success can also be efficiently used to support the congestion avoidance and enable more encoded packets, thus indirectly further increasing the network throughput. To this end, a new proactive routing procedure called Congestion-Avoidance Network Coding-Aware Routing (CANCAR) is proposed. It detects the currently most highly-loaded node and prevents it from saturation by diverting some of the least coded traffic flows to alternative routes, thus achieving even higher coding gain by the remaining well-coded traffic flows on the node. The simulation results confirm that the proposed proactive routing procedure combined with the well-known COPE NC avoids network congestion and provides higher coding gains, thus achieving significantly higher throughput and enabling higher traffic loads both in a representative regular network topology as well as in two synthetically generated random network topologies.