• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.252-260
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• 2010

The point rainfall measurements need to be converted to the areal rainfall by means of mean areal precipitation (MAP) estimation methods. And it is not appropriate to evaluate the areal rainfall with constant drift because of the geomorphological influences to rainfall field. Non-stationarity should be applied to the estimation of the areal rainfall, therefore, to consider these effects. Kriging methods with special functional would be a suitable tool in this case. Generalized covariance Kriging method is the most developed one among different Kriging methods. From this point of view this study performs the analysis of its applicability to distributed runoff model. For these purpose, distributed rainfall was created by Thiessen and Kriging method. And distributed rainfall of each method was applied into HyGIS-GRM. The result of applying, Runoff was different in the rainfall data form. Therefore, To apply Kriging method with physical meaning is that it is the useful method as distributed rainfall-runoff model.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.589-598
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• 2004

From the continuous long-term rainfall-runoff standpoint, the urbanization within a watershed causes land use change due to the increase in impervious areas, the addition of manmade structures, and the changes in river environment. Therefore, rainfall-runoff characteristics changes drastically after the urbanization. Due to these reasons, there exists the demand for rainfall-runoff simulation model that can quantitatively evaluate the components of hydrologic cycle including surface runoff, river flow, and groundwater by considering urban watershed characteristics as well as natural runoff characteristics. In this study, continuous long-term rainfall-runoff simulation model SWAT-SWMM is developed by coupling semi-distributed continuous long-term rainfall-runoff simulation model SWAT with RUNOFF block of SWMM, which is frequently used in the runoff analysis of urban areas in order to consider urban watershed as well as natural watershed. The coupling of SWAT and SWMM is described with emphasis on the coupling scheme, model limitations, and the schematics of coupled model.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.151-159
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: In this review paper, the effects of surface cover (SCV), vegetative filter strip (VFS), and vegetated ridge (VRD) on the pollutant runoff from steep-sloping uplands were analyzed to compare the pollutant reduction efficiency in runoff ($PRE_{runoff}$) of the practices and to investigate how slope and rainfall parameters affect the $PRE_{runoff}$. METHODS AND RESULTS: The $PRE_{runoff}$ of SCV, VFS, and VRD for pollutants including suspended solids and biological oxygen demand was compared by analysis of variance. The effect of slope and rainfall parameters on the $PRE_{runoff}$ was explored by either mean comparison or regression analysis. It was found that the $PRE_{runoff}$ differs with the practices due to different pollutant reduction mechanisms of the practices. Though the $PRE_{runoff}$ was likely to be affected by site condition such as slope and rainfall (amount and intensity), more comprehensive understanding was not possible due to the limited data set. CONCLUSION: The $PRE_{runoff}$ of SCV, VFS, and VRD differed due to the distinctive mechanisms of pollutant removal of the practices. It is necessary to accumulate experimental data across a variety of gradient of slope and rainfall for comprehensive understanding of the effects of the practices on pollutant runoff from steep-sloping uplands.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.163-172
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• 2004

In this paper, the sub-soil storage system for utilizing urban instream flow of rainfall runoff was developed and examined through experiments. The artificial rainfall facility and sub-soil storage were installed in the experimental area. The effect of the water qualify improvement and the storage effect were analyzed through the several experiments. Through the experiments of rainfall intensity variation, which are the rainfall intensity of 20mm/hr, 30mm/hr, 40mm/hr, 50mm/hr was indicated SS concentration can be reduction until 68％. Also, the ration of the storage volume is varied from 42.8％∼79.9％ based on the rainfall intensity. The reduction rate of the BOD, CO $D_{Mn}$, SS, T-N, T-P was 30％, 42％, 68％, 39％, 26％. As the result, water quality of runoff and efficient of runoff reduction by the system are much improved. The rainfall runoff with the installation of sub-soil storage could be used for instream flow.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2009

The fowls manure is using as fertilizers for farmland because of enough nutrients. However, excess nutrients can be washed off during a storm and affected on nearby waterbodies. In this paper, the runoff characteristics from farmland were studied to determine the washoff mass. A lab-scale reactor was designed to estimate the surface runoff and infiltration rates according to the rainfall intensity. Surface runoff water did not occur at 10mm/hr rainfall intensity, but some runoff occurred at 20mm/hr rainfall intensity. At 32.4mm/hr rainfall intensity, it shows the highest pollutant concentrations such as 686mg/L for $BOD_5$ and at 630mg/L $COD_{Mn}$. The pollutant as based on fowls manure compost was highly washed-off by subsurface water at 32.4mm/hr rainfall intensity, however the concentration was largely decreased at 43.2mm/hr rainfall intensity. The summary of the results is that the highest wash-off concentrations value shows at 32.4mm/hr rainfall intensity for $BOD_5$ and at 67.1mm/hr for T-N and T-P.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.407-417
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• 2011

Nowadays, the high land use, mainly used for urbanization, is affecting runoff loads of non-point pollutants to increase. According to this fact, increasing runoff loads seems like to appear that it contributes to high ratio of pollution loads in the whole the pollution loads and that this non-point source is the main cause of water becoming worse quality. Especially, concentrated pollutants on the impermeable roads run off to the public water bodies. Also the coefficient of runoff from roads is high with a fast velocity of runoff, which ends up with consequence that a lot of pollutants runoff happens when it is raining. Therefore it is very important project to evaluate the quantity of pollutant loads. In this study, I computed the pollutant loadings depending on time and rainfall to analyze characteristics of runoff while first flush storm water and evaluated the runoff time while first flush storm water and rainfall based on the change in curves on the graph. I also computed contribution ratio to identify its impact on water quality of stream. I realized that the management and treatment of first flush storm water effluents is very important for the management of road's non-point source pollutants because runoff loads of non-point source pollution are over the 80% of whole loads of stream. Also according to the evaluation of runoff loads of first flush storm water for SS, run off time was shown under the 30 minute and rainfall was shown under the 5mm which is less than 20% of whole rainfall. These are under 5mm which is regarded amount of first flush storm water by the Ministry of Environment and it is judged to be because run off by rainfall is very fast on impermeable roads. Also, run off time and rainfall of BOD is higher than SS. Therefore I realized that the management of non-point source should be managed and done differently depending on each material. Finally, the contribution ratio of pollutants loads by rainfall-runoff was shown SS 12.7%, BOD 12.7%, COD 15.9%, T-N 4.9%, T-P 8.9%, however, the pollutants loads flowing into the steam was shown 4.4%. This represents that the concentration of non-point pollutants is relatively higher and we should find the methodical management and should be concerned about non-point source for improvement on water quality of streams.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.67-80
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• 2001

This study is to propose temporal pattern of design rainfall which causes maximum peak discharge and to analyze the variation in peak discharge according to design rainfall durations. In this study, the Mononobe, the Yen and Chow triangular, the Huff's 4th quartiles and the Keifer and Chu methods are applied to estimate the proper temporal pattern of design rainfall and three rainfall-runoff models such as SCS, Nakayasu, and Clark methods are used to estimate the runoff hydrograph. And to examine the variability of peak discharge, the hydrologic characteristics from the rainfall-runoff models to which uniform rainfall intensity is applied are used as the standard values. The type of temporal pattern of design rainfall which causes maximum peak discharge in both of the watersheds and the rainfall-runoff models has resulted in Yen and Chow distribution method with the dimensionless vague of 0.75. On the basis of determined temporal pattern, the examination of the variability of peak discharge according to design rainfall durations shows that design rainfall duration varies greatly with the types of probable intensity formula, and the variation of peak discharge is more affected by the types of probable intensity formula and I-D-F currie than rainfall-runoff models.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.983-992
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• 2009

The purpose of the present study is to analyze pollutant runoff characteristics from non-point sources in Joman River basin. The present study contains analyzed results of rainfall and SS, BOD, COD, TN, TP runoff from Joman River basin. This study contains a sensitivity analysis of parameters that affect the simulation results of rainfall and pollutants runoff. Result of the sensitivity analysis shows that proportion of watershed and impervious areas is the most sensitive to peak discharge and total flowrate for rainfall runoff and that WASHPO is the most sensitive parameter for pollutants runoff. For parameter estimation and verification, flowrate and water quality is measured at the Kangdong Bridge in Haeban stream. A single rainfall event is use to perform parameter estimation and verification. Results of the present study show that total pollutant loads of Joman River basin is 11,600 ton of SS, 452 ton of BOD, 1,084 ton of COD, 515 ton of TN, and 49 ton of TP, respectively. In addition, it is found that contribution ratio of non point source and total source is 89% of SS, 63% of BOD, 61% of COD, 21% of TN, and 32% of TP, respectively.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 1999

This study has an object to evaluate runoff characteristics with ILLUDAS model and SWMM owing to each rainfall distribution type of Huff's quartile and each rainfall duration time of 30 ,60, 120 and 180 minutes. As a result of this study, Type-Ⅰ Extreme (TIE) rainfall distribution pattern with Huff's 2nd quartile is adequate for Cheju volcanic island . To decide optimal rain fall duration , time of concentration and critical duration should be compared and analyzed each other. In this study, 30 and 120 miniutes were suggeste to iptiaml duration time of A and B study basins. It is concluded that the magnitude of peak runoff discharge is maximum with Huff's 4th quartile, and that of total runoff volume is maximum with Huff's 4th quartile for ILLUDAS model and with Huff's 1st quartile for SWMM. As rainfall duration time increasing is increasing . Also in case of total runoff volume, volumen by SWMM is less than by ILLUDAS model as to variation ratio of total runoff volume in A and B study basin. Therefore, the resulots of this study canb e sued as basic data in determining adequate rainfoal duration time and rainfall distribution type and used for urban drainage systems analysis and design at small urbanization catchment is Cheju volcanic island.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2003

Urban rainfall-runoff procedures are more complex than the agricultural procedures due to the spreading and development of town. And the applications of theses models are more difficult due to the change of real basins. In this study, I applied SWMM and Expert System to get runoff characteristics of an urbanized basin. Noen in Daejeon is selected as a study basin. Real basin data of facilities, rainfall, runoff, and various rainfall intensity equations are used. An Expert System is used to get the parameters of this model. These results can be applied to analyze the reaction tendencies of the urban basin with the time distributions of design rainfall and the urbanization.