• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1013-1019
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• 2015

As the interest in leisure and health increases, the domestic outdoor wear industry becomes bigger. The waterproofness of fabrics does not ensure the waterproofness of garments because of the stitch holes during the sewing process even with the seam sealing tapes. Thus the water leakage often becomes a problem during the end use. Still companies use fabrics waterproofness data for garments marketing because they are simple to run the test, less expensive than the whole garment testing, and easy to achieve the quality control. In this study the rain tower system for evaluating the waterproofness of garments has been developed and the waterproofness of the selected waterproof and breathable garments in the market were tested. The rain tower was consisted of rain tower room, rainfall forming system and measurement system. Two different levels of rainfall can be simulated with this system(100l/m²/hr and 450l/m²/hr). Jackets in the market have been tested at two different rainfall conditions. The temperature and humidity data inside jackets didn't provide much information on the waterproofness at severe rainfall condition(450l/m²/hr, 1 hour). However, water leakage was detected on the cotton undershirt inside jacket. 5 out of 8 jackets passed the normal rainfall condition(100l/m²/hr, 30 minutes). The newly developed rain tower system was able to evaluate the waterproofness of the jacket seams. It is recommended the further study on the detailed test conditions for the end use of the waterproof and breathable garments.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.19-31
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• 2016

The Saemangeum watershed is required to manage water pollution effectively but the effect of liquid manure (LM) on soil and water quality in the basin is not clearly identified as yet. This study aims at assessing the effect on soil of a rice field and water quality of water bodies near the rice field during rice-crop time period to find out the effect of LM, the effect of rainfall, and the effect of rice-crop environment on soil and water quality by analyzing data of nitrogen components. As a result of the LM distribution, $NO_3-N$ was much higher than other N components in the entire soil layers and it was accelerated by rainfall right after the LM distribution. Compared to chemical fertilizer (CF), LM was slightly affected but still influenced on the surface water quality. During weak rainfall, low nitrogen concentration in topsoil was resulted as NH3-N decreased and Org-N and $NO_3-N$ increased. $NO_3-N$ concentration in the water of irrigation canals increased with time. During intensive rainfall, $NO_3-N$ and Org-N of the soil were measured highly in the submerged condition, while the water quality of the rice field was lower due to flooding into the irrigation canal as well as the growth of the rice plants. Also, total nitrogen was increased more than 7 times and it showed serious water quality deterioration due to LM and excessive fertilizer distribution, and rainfall during all rice-crop processes. The effect of LM on water quality should be studied consistently to provide critical data while considering weather condition, cropping conditions, soil characteristics, and so on.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2014

비탈면 붕괴를 최소화 하기 위하여 조사, 설계, 해석, 대책방안 등의 연구가 많이 수행되고 있다. 그러나, 최근 태풍 및 집중호우로 인하여 비탈면 및 자연 사면의 산사태 발생빈도는 줄지 않고 있다. 단순한 설계 기준의 강화만으로는 적절한 대책을 마련하기 어려운 실정이다. 따라서, 지반과 강우를 고려한 최적의 조건에서 설계 및 안정해석을 실시하여야 한다. 본 연구는 비탈면 해석시 강우 및 해석조건에 대하여 각 변수의 영향을 살펴보고자 안전율의 변화를 다각도로 검토한 것이다. 연구방법으로는 비탈면 안정에 가장 민감하게 반응한다고 판단되는 강우조건과 지반조건을 선정하였고, 각각의 조건변수를 변화시켜가면서 수치해석적 검토를 수행하였다. 강우특성으로는 국내의 확률강우특성을 기반으로 해석을 수행하였으며 지반조건으로는 불포화토를 대상으로 검토를 실시하였다. 연구결과, 지역별 강우특성과 불포화토의 매개변수 적용이 비탈면 안전율 변화에 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 설계시 입력변수에 대한 충분한 검토가 선행되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.345-359
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• 2016

This study analyze the synoptic meteorological cause of rainfall, rainfall intensity, drop size distribution(DSD), fall velocity and oblateness measured by the 2D-Video distrometer(2DVD) by comparing two cases which are heavy rainfall event case and a case that is not classified as heavy rainfall but having more than $30mm\;h^{-1}$ rainrate in July, 2014 at Gimhae region. As a results; Over the high pressure edge area where strong upward motion exists, the convective rain type occurred and near the changma front, convective and frontal rainfall combined rain type occurred. Therefore, rainrate varies based on the synoptic meteorological condition. The most rain drop distribution appeared in the raindrops with diameters between 0.4 mm and 0.6 mm and large particles appeared for the convective rain type since strong upward motion provide favorable conditions for the drops to grow by colliding and merging so the drop size distribution varies based on the location or rainfall types. The rainfall phases is mainly rain and as the diameter of the raindrop increase the fall velocity increase and oblateness decrease. The equation proposed based on the 2DVD tends to underestimated both fall velocity and oblateness compared with observation. Since these varies based on the rainfall characteristics of the observation location, standard equation for fall velocity and oblateness fit for Gimhae area can be developed by continuous observation and data collection hereafter.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2005

우리나라에서 유효우량의 산정방법으로 NRCS(Natural Resources Conservation Service)의 유효우량 산정방법이 널리 사용되고 있다. 그러나 NRCS 방법은 미국내 유역의 특성을 반영하여 개발된 것으로 미국과 우리나라 유역간의 차이에 대한 별도의 검증 없이 이를 그대로 사용하는 데에는 문제가 있을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구는 우리나라 유역에서 NRCS 방법을 적용할 때에 적합한 선행강수일에 대하여 검토해보고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 선행강수일수를 1일부터 7일까지 변화시켜 가면서 HEC-HMS 모형을 사용해 강우-유출 모의를 수행하여 탄부 소유역에 대해 가장 적절한 선행강우일수를 추정하였다. 그 결과, 선행2일강수량이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났으며, 결론적으로, 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 NRCS 방법을 우리나라 유역에 적용할 때에는 세심한 주의가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권6B호
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• pp.605-612
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• 2006

본 연구(II)에서는 2002년 8월 집중호우시 낙동강 유역에 대하여 강우예측 신경망 모형을 적용하였다. 예측된 3시간 선행 강우량은 실제 관측된 강우량의 패턴을 잘 따르고 있었으며, 기존의 연구와 비교하여 선행시간을 감안하면 강우예측의 정확성이 향상되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 동일한 유역의 실제 제방붕괴에 따른 범랑양상을 모의하였다. 이때 예측된 강우량 자료는 유역에서의 홍수량 산정을 위한 기본자료로 이용되었으며, 유역에서의 홍수량은 하도 및 제내지에서의 홍수범람 모의를 위한 경계조건으로 이용되었다. 모의결과는 실제 범람흔적과 하천에서의 홍수위 자료와 비교하여 잘 일치되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해서 집중호우나 태풍과 같은 이상강우의 강우예측에 대한 인공위성 자료의 실질적인 활용성을 제공하였으며, 위성자료를 이용한 강우예측 기법과 연계하여 국내 실정에 맞는 홍수유출 및 홍수범람 모형의 개발을 통합함으로써 홍수재해에서의 강우, 유출, 범람에 대한 체계적인 실무적용에 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.1073-1082
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• 2015

불포화토 사면 거동은 불포화토의 수리학적 특성 및 역학적 특성, 지반 투수계수, 지반 내 지층 구조, 강우조건 즉 강우강도, 강우패턴, 강우 지속시간, 선행강우 등의 영향을 받는다. 이와 같은 여러 요소 중 산사태는 사면 파괴 당시 강우조건보다 그 이전에 발생했던 선행강우의 영향을 크게 받는 것으로 알려져 있어 선행강우의 영향은 사면 안정성 해석에서 중요한 요소로 작용할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 강우에 의한 산사태 발생을 예측하고 대책을 마련하기 위하여 선행강우에 따른 사면 내 모관흡수력 분포를 반드시 고려하여야 하며 이후에 발생한 강우특성을 반영하여 사면 안정성 검토를 수행하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구의 경우 실트질 흙 함량 구성을 5%, 10%, 20%로 달리한 3가지 시료를 조성한 후 각각의 시료에 대하여 흙-함수특성곡선 시험을 수행하여 관련 매개변수들을 분석하였다. 한 달 동안의 선행강우 적용과 집중호우에 해당하는 12시간 동안의 강우가 지속적으로 내릴 때 불포화토 내 모관흡수력 분포 및 응력, 강도와 같은 역학적 특성 변화 등을 분석하고 사면안정 수치해석을 수행한 후 선행강우와 흙-함수특성곡선이 사면의 안정에 미치는 영향을 비교, 분석하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.849-858
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• 2014

유효강우량을 산정하는 NRCS-CN 방법의 선행토양함수조건을 결정하기 위하여 일반적으로 선행5일강수량이 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 유역의 유출특성을 고려하여 선행5일강수량의 기준값을 재설정하기 위해서 선행5일강수량의 기준값을 변화시키면서 실제 관측 직접유출고와의 오차에 대한 비교 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 전체 18개 대상유역에서 본 연구에서 재설정한 기준값을 적용하여 산정한 직접유출량의 평균오차(RMSE = 27.3 mm)는 일반적으로 적용되는 기준값을 적용하여 산정한 직접유출량의 평균오차(RMSE = 35.2 mm)보다 감소하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 향상 지수를 바탕으로 유역별 선행5일강수량의 기준에 대한 효율성을 평가한 결과, 본 연구에서 재설정한 선행5일강수량의 기준값을 활용하여 직접유출량을 추정하였을 경우, 평균적으로 약 30% 정도의 정확도가 향상되는 것으로 확인되었다. 이와 더불어 본 연구에서는 미계측 유역에 대한 선행5일강수량의 기준값을 재설정하기 위하여 지형지표를 활용한 선형회귀모형을 제안하였다. 회귀모형을 이용하여 재조정된 선행5일강수량의 기준값을 적용할 경우, RMSE가 감소(최소 0.4 mm에서 최대 15.1 mm)함과 동시에 Nash and Sutcliffe의 효율성 계수는 최대 0.33까지 증가하였다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.52-65
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• 1984

In general precise estimation of hourly of daily distribution of the long-term run-off should be very important in a design of source of irrigation. However, there have not been a satisfying method for forecasting of stationar'y long-term run-off in Korea. Solving this problem, this study introduces unit-hydrograph method frequently used in short-term run-off analysis into the long-term run-off analysis, of which model basin was selected to be Sumgin-river catchment area. In the estimation of effective rainfall, conventional method neglects the Soil moisture condition of catchment area, but in this study, the initial discharge (qb) occurred just before rising phase of the hydrograph was selected as the index of a basin soil moisture condition and then introduced as 3rd variable in the analysis of the reationship between cumulative rainfall and cumulative loss of rainfall, which built a new type of separation method of effective rainfall. In next step, in order to normalize significant potential error included in hydrological data, especially in vast catchment area, Snyder's correlation method was applied. A key to solution in this study is multiple correlation method or multiple regressional analysis, which is primarily based on the method of least squres and which is solved by the form of systems of linear equations. And for verification of the change of characteristics of unit hydrograph according to the variation of a various kind of hydrological charateristics (for example, precipitation, tree cover, soil condition, etc),seasonal unit hydrograph models of dry season(autumn, winter), semi-dry season (spring), rainy season (summer) were made respectively. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follows; 1.During the test period of 1966-1971, effective rainfall was estimated for the total 114 run-off hydrograph. From this estimation results, relative error of estimation to the ovservation value was 6%, -which is mush smaller than 12% of the error of conventional method. 2.During the test period, daily distribution of long-term run-off discharge was estimated by the unit hydrograph model. From this estimation results, relative error of estimation by the application of standard unit hydrograph model was 12%. When estimating by each seasonal unit bydrograph model, the relative error was 14% during dry season 10% during semi-dry season and 7% during rainy season, which is much smaller than 37% of conventional method. Summing up the analysis results obtained above, it is convinced that qb-index method of this study for the estimation of effective rainfall be preciser than any other method developed before. Because even recently no method has been developed for the estimation of daily distribution of long-term run-off dicharge, therefore estimation value by unit hydrograph model was only compared with that due to kaziyama method which estimates monthly run-off discharge. However this method due to this study turns out to have high accuracy. If specially mentioned from the results of this study, there is no need to use each seasonal unit hydrograph model separately except the case of semi-dry season. The author hopes to analyze the latter case in future sudies.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2015

Unpaved forest roads are common accessways in mountain areas being used for forestry purposes. The presence of forest roads produces large volumes of surface runoff and sediment yield due to changes in soil properties and hillslope profile. Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to estimate the impacts of above-ground vegetation and antecedent soil water condition on hydrology and sediment processes. A total of 9 small plots($1m{\times}0.5m$) were installed to represent different road surface conditions: no-vegetation(3 plots), vegetated surface(3 plots), and cleared vegetation surface(3 plots). Experiments were carried out on dry, wet, and very wet soil moisture conditions for each plot. Above ground parts of vegetation on road surface influenced significantly on surface runoff. Runoff from no-vegetation roads(39.24L) was greater than that from vegetated(25.05L), while cleared-vegetation condition is similar to no-vegetation roads(39.72L). Runoff rate responded in a similar way to runoff volume. Soil erosion was also controlled by land cover, but the magnitude is little than that of surface runoff. Even though slight differences among antecedent soil moisture conditions were found on both runoff and soil erosion, runoff rate and soil losses were increased in very wet condition, followed by wet condition. The experiments suggest that vegetation cover on forest road surface seems most effective way to reduce surface runoff and soil erosion during storm periods.