• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제15권E호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1999

To Characterize the single raindrops as a function of their size we designed the sampling and handling apparatuses. Samplings of single and size- classified raindrops were performed at a height of 20m above the ground level of a Kyoto University building located in Uji, Japan in rain events from middle of July to the end of August, 1999. And PIXE method was applied to the analysis of single raindrops sampled as a function of their size. Diameter change of frozen raindrops by liquid nitrogen did nto affect the size segregation ability of our sampling apparatus. The number of raindrops increases with decreasing drop size. And it is found that the size distribution of raindrops verified depends on the rain events. Application of PIXE analysis to the measurement of single raindrops was very successful. Every element showed a continuous increase in concentration with decreasing raindrop diameter. It seems reasonable to say that our work should be helpful to obtain more detailed information on single raindrops and especially to study on the rainout and washout mechanisms.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.176-183
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• 2017

Although it is well known that rain plays an important role in capturing air pollutants, its quantitative evaluation has not been done enough. In this study, the effect of raindrop size on pollutant scavenging was investigated by clarifying the chemical nature of individual size-resolved raindrops and their residual particles. Raindrops as a function of their size were collected using the raindrop collector devised by our oneself in previous study (Ma et al., 2000) during high atmospheric loading for $PM_{2.5}$. Elemental analyses of solid residues and individual residual particles in raindrops were subsequently analyzed by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), respectively. The raindrop number concentration ($m^{-2}h^{-1}$) tended to drastically decrease as the drop size goes up. Particle scavenging rate, $R_{sca.}$ (%), based on the actual measurement values were 38.7, 69.5, and 80.8% for the particles with 0.3-0.5, 0.5-1.0, and $1.0-2.0{\mu}m$ diameter, respectively. S, Ca, Si, and Al ranked relatively high concentration in raindrops, especially small ones. Most of the element showed a continuous decrease in concentration with increasing raindrop diameter. The source profile by factor analysis for the components of residual particles indicated that the rainfall plays a valuable role in scavenging natural as well as artificial particles from the dirty atmosphere.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.555-572
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• 2023

Airplanes in flight collide with raindrops, and the leading edges of the airframe can be damaged when colliding with raindrops. A single waterjet testing platform was created to study rain erosion damage. Carbon fiber samples with three types of skins were studied and the mechanical properties were measured using a nanoindentation instrument. The research results show that the impact force on the sample increases with the continuous increase in the impact speed of raindrops, which leads to an increase in the damage area. Sheathing with low surface roughness is more damaged than other sheathings due to its rougher surface, and the result proves that surface roughness has a more significant effect on rain erosion damage to sheathings compared to their hardness.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제22권E1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2006

Although the importance of size-resolved raindrops study has been known, it has not been popularized up to the present. In the present study, an attempt was made to generalize the size-resolved raindrops study by a combination of the frozen raindrop collection method and a commercially available high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE). Samplings were carried out at Kyoto, Japan in October 2002. The inorganic ions (chloride, nitrate, sulphate, calcium, ammonium, sodium, magnesium, potassium) in size classified raindrop samples were successfully analyzed by HPCE with good repeatability. To assure the accuracy and precision of HPCE data, t-test was conducted with paired analytical data, which were experimentally constructed by analyzing standard solutions with HPCE and IC, respectively. T-test showed that there is no notable difference between the concentrations determined by the two analytical methods. Every ionic concentration in both cation and anion was found to be strong raindrop size dependence. Though there was slight increase of sodium and sulphate concentrations between 0.85 mm and 1.15 mm raindrop radius, it showed a strong decrease for every ionic component with increasing droplet radius. The combination of the frozen raindrop collection method and a commercially available HPCE can meet the need of size-resolved raindrops study.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 1999년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Remote Sensing
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• pp.290-295
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• 1999

Lineament extraction from mountain area often provides valuable geological information. In many cases, the lineaments correspond to a series of continuous large valleys. This paper introduces a new lineament extraction method from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using Raindrop Tracing Algorithm (RTA). The main advantage of this algorithm over conventional Segment Tracing Algorithm (STA) is that it utilizes DEM directly unlike the STA Which utilizes the shaded relief of DEM. The RTA simulates the real life of raindrops that converge into a large valley. The simulation has been done by sprinkling the randomized raindrops over DEM and counting the number of raindrop path that follows the negative gradient of the DEM. The large counting number indicates the location of a big valley where the raindrops converge. With the help of the counting number array (accumulator array) recording the flowing path information, RTA can produce perfectly unbiased binary image of the lineament.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 2003년도 한국우주과학회보 제12권2호
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• pp.35-35
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• 2003

In satellite communication, attenuation, scattering, and depolarization of relatively high frequency waves such as millimeter waves are strongly influenced by rain. In order to study the rain attenuation, we introduce a new theoretical method, which enables us to obtain the reflection and transmission coefficients in arbitrary medium. We adopt this method to examine how the electromagnetic radiation is affected by homogeneous spherical raindrops. It is assumed that the raindrop shape is spherical and linearly locate in one direction. For the radiation of wave in raindrops, we consider the effective permittivity, in which the raindrop is assumed to be spherical. By adopting the invariant imbedding approach, the 1st order differential equations are derived for the reflection and transmission coefficients. We investigate the transmission and reflection of waves for various incident angles when the spherical raindrops are assumed to have random sizes.

• 대기
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.421-437
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• 2020

The effects of the terminal fall velocity-diameter relationship for raindrops, which is prescribed based on the measurement, on the simulated surface precipitation over Korea during summer season were investigated in our study. Two rainfall cases, 1-month summer precipitation and mesoscale rainfall, have been simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The selected cloud microphysics parameterizations are WRF Single-Moment 5-class (WSM5) and WRF Single-Moment 6-class (WSM6) in the WRF model. The measured terminal fall-diameter relationship for raindrops by Gunn and Kinzer (1949) was applied in both WSM5 and WSM6. The sensitivity experiments with WSM5 and WSM6, applying the measured fall-diameter relationship, presents the different responses in simulated precipitation amount for the 1-month summer precipitation case. Precipitation increases with WSM5, thus enhancing the precipitation statistical skills. However, precipitation decreases with WSM6 leading to the deterioration of precipitation statistical skills. For the mesoscale rainfall case, precipitation increases with both WSM5 and WSM6, which further enhances the positive bias in precipitation amount.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.52-59
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• 1998

빗방울이 랜덤하게 분포한 대기를 하나의 실효유전율을 가진 단일 매질로 가정하고 그 매질 내에서 전파가 진행시 감쇠량을 계산하였다. 실효유전율은 빗방울의 유전율과 빗방울이 대기 중에 차지하는 체적 동의 함수로 표현되는데, 주파수와 온도에 따라 변하는 빗방울의 유전율을 계산하고 Marshall-Palmer의 빗방울 크기분포를 이용하여 대기 중 빗방울이 차지하는 체적을 계산하였다. 빗방울이 산재한 대기를 단일 매질로 가정하고 실효유전율을 이용하여 강우에 의한 강우감죄량을 예측한 본 모델과 ITU가 권고하는 강우에 의한 전파감쇠모텔과 비교 하였는데 두 모델의 결과값이 비교적 일치하며 50 GHz 이하에서는 실효유전율 모텔이 낮게, 50 GHz 이상의 주 파수대역에서는높게 강우감쇠량을평가하고 있다.

• 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 강우시 빗방울로 인해 왜곡된 연안 파랑 비디오 영상에서 빗방울 제거와 제거된 영역에 대한 배경 정보를 복원하기 위한 적대적생성신경망을 이용한 영상 강화 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 영상 변환에 널리 사용되는 Pix2Pix 네트워크와 현재 단일 이미지에 대한 빗방울 제거에 좋은 성능을 보여주고 있는 Attentive GAN을 실험 대상 모델로 구현하고, 빗방울 제거를 위한 공개 데이터 셋을 이용하여 두 모델을 학습한 후 빗방울 왜곡 연안 파랑 영상의 빗방울 제거 및 배경 정보 복원 성능을 평가하였다. 연안 파랑 비디오에 영상에 대한 빗방울 왜곡 보정 성능을 향상시키기 위해 실제 연안에서 빗방울 유무가 짝을 이룬 데이터 셋을 직접 획득한 후 사전 학습된 모델에 대하여 전이 학습에 사용하여 빗방울 왜곡 보정에 대한 성능 향상을 확인하였다. 모델의 성능은 빗방울 왜곡 영상으로부터 파랑 정보 복원 성능을 최대 신호 대 잡음비와 구조적 유사도를 이용하여 평가하였으며, 전이 학습을 통해 파인 튜닝된 Pix2Pix 모델이 연안 파랑 비디오 영상의 빗방울 왜곡에 대한 가장 우수한 복원 성능을 보였다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.441-462
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• 2002

This paper presents a practical numerical method to determine both the spatial and temporal distribution of driving rain on buildings. It is based on an existing numerical simulation technique and uses the building geometry and climatic data at the building site as input. The method is applied to determine the 3D spatial and temporal distribution of wind-driven rain on the facade a low-rise building of complex geometry. Distinct wetting patterns are found. The important causes giving rise to these particular patterns are identified : (1) sweeping of raindrops towards vertical building edges, (2) sweeping of raindrops towards top edges, (3) shelter effect by various roof overhang configurations. The comparison of the numerical results with full-scale measurements in both space and time for a number of on site recorded rain events shows the numerical method to yield accurate results.