Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지

A Combination of the Frozen Raindrop Collection Method and a High-performance Capillary Electrophoresis Technique for the Size-resolved Raindrops Study

  • Ma, Chang-Jin (Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University)
  • Published : 2006.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Although the importance of size-resolved raindrops study has been known, it has not been popularized up to the present. In the present study, an attempt was made to generalize the size-resolved raindrops study by a combination of the frozen raindrop collection method and a commercially available high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE). Samplings were carried out at Kyoto, Japan in October 2002. The inorganic ions (chloride, nitrate, sulphate, calcium, ammonium, sodium, magnesium, potassium) in size classified raindrop samples were successfully analyzed by HPCE with good repeatability. To assure the accuracy and precision of HPCE data, t-test was conducted with paired analytical data, which were experimentally constructed by analyzing standard solutions with HPCE and IC, respectively. T-test showed that there is no notable difference between the concentrations determined by the two analytical methods. Every ionic concentration in both cation and anion was found to be strong raindrop size dependence. Though there was slight increase of sodium and sulphate concentrations between 0.85 mm and 1.15 mm raindrop radius, it showed a strong decrease for every ionic component with increasing droplet radius. The combination of the frozen raindrop collection method and a commercially available HPCE can meet the need of size-resolved raindrops study.

Keywords

References

  1. Bachmann, K., I. Haag, and A. Roder (1993) A field study to determine the chemical content of individual raindrops as a function of their size. Atmospheric Environment, 27A, 1951-1958
  2. Baez, A.P., R. Belmont, and H. Padilla (1995) Measurements of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the atmosphere of Mexico City. Environmental Pollution, 89, 163-179 https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)00059-M
  3. Battan, L.J. and C.H. Reitan (1957) Droplet size measurements in convective clouds, in artificial stimulation of rain. Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 184-191
  4. Chate, D.M. and A.K. Kamra (1997) Collection efficiencies of large water drops collecting aerosol particles of various densities. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 1631-1635 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00338-X
  5. Cole, R.O. and J.S. Michael (1991) Bile salt surfactants in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, 557, 113-123 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87126-0
  6. Flossmann, A.I., W.D. Hall, and H.R. Pruppacheer (1985) A theoretical study of the wet removal of atmospheric pollutants. Part I: The distribution of aerosol particles captured through nucleation and impaction scavenging by growing cloud drops. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 42, 583- 606 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<0583:ATSOTW>2.0.CO;2
  7. Hallberg, A., W. Wobrock, A.I. Flossmann, K.N. Bower, K.J. Noone, A. Wiedensohler, H.C. Hansson, M. Wendisch, A. Berner, C. Kruisz, M.C. Facchini, S. Fuzzi, and B.B. Arends (1997) Microphysics of clouds: Model vs measurements. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 2453- 2462 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00041-1
  8. Hans, R.P. and D.K. James (1998) Microphysics of clouds and precipitation. Atmos. and Ocean. Sci. Library, 18, 24-30
  9. Koop, T. (1996) The formation mechanisms of polar stratospheric clouds. Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Atmos. Phys. University of Mainz
  10. Ma, C.J. (2001) New approaches for characterization of atmospheric particles and acid precipitation. Ph. D. thesis, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University
  11. Ma, C.J., M. Kasahara, K.C. Hwang, K.C. Choi, and H.K. Kim (2000) Measurement of the Single and Size-Classified Raindrops, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment. 15(E), 73-78
  12. Ma, C.J., M. Kasahara, S. Tohno, and T. Kamiya (2001) A new approach for characterization of single raindrops. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 130, 1601-1602 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013951511287
  13. Ong, C.P., H.K. Lee, and S.F.Y. Li (1991) Separation of phthalates by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, 542, 473- 481 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)88782-3
  14. Pilat, M.J. and A. Prem (1976) Calculated particle collection efficiencies of single droplets including inertial impaction, Brownian diffusion, diffusiophoresis and thermophoresis. Atmospheric Environment, 10, 13-19 https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(76)90253-5
  15. Schwartz, S.E. (1984) Gas- and aqueous-phase chemistry of $HO_2$ in liquid water clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 11589-11598 https://doi.org/10.1029/JD089iD07p11589
  16. Tenberken, B. and K. Bachmann (1996) Analysis of individual raindrops by capillary zone electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatograph A, 755, 121- 126 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00572-9
  17. Tenberken, B., I. Haag, and K. Steigerwald (1995) Determination of transition metals in size-classified rain samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Atmospheric Environment, 29, 175-177 https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00232-A