• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.279-286
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• 2005

Purpose : There are two modalities, those are small bowel series(SBS) and abdominal pelvic computed tomography(CT), for diagnosis of small bowel disease. The aim of this study is to lend radiological technologists who are doing the two modalities assistance in the understanding characteristic of disease by comparing the two results. Meterials and method : 284 patients were examined the two SBS and abdominal pelvic CT together from 1999 to 2003. 250 ml $BaSO_4$ suspension 40 w/v% and 600ml carboxy methyl cellulose 0.5 w/v% were used for SBS. Abdominal Pelvic CT was examined in one hour before taking 450 ml $BaSO_4$ suspension 1.5 w/v%. The CT scan was done in 72 sec after 150 ml contrast media injection. the used protocol was helical mode 5:5 mm pitch 1.375:1, speed 27.50, exposure 120 kv, 240 mA, tube rotation time 0.5 sec. the statistic analysis was conducted with statistical program SPSS 10 version with frequency and crossing analysis. P-value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results : In the results of SBS, normal findings were 131 patients(46.1%), inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) 64(22.9%), ischemia+ileocolitis+vasculitis 22(7.7%), Obstruction+stricture 21(7.7%) and Others 45(15.9%). In the results of abdominal pelvic CT, normal findings were 103 patients(36.3%), inflammatory bowel disease 65(22.9%), wall thickening+lymphadenopathy 42(14.8%), Fluid collection 17(6%), and Others 57case(20%). The same results of the two were 130patients(45.8%). 30patients(10.6%) of normal finding in SBS were diagnosed as wall thickening+lymphadenopathy and IBD in CT, and 15patients(5.3%) of normal finding in CT were diagnosed as ischemia+ileocolitis+vasculitis, mass and IBD in SBS(p<0.05). Transit time delay was diagnosed in 10patients(3.5%) on only SBS, wall thickening+lymphadenopathy was diagnosed in 20patients(7%) in only CT(p<0.05). Conclusion : We think that proper examination method will be selected in the small bowel disease, if we understand the characteristics of the disease and method.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2010

Exposure during childhood results in higher risk for certain detrimental cancers than exposure during adulthood. We measured entrance skin dose (ESD) under 7-year children undergoing chest imaging and compared the relationship between ESD and age, height, weight, chest thickness. Though it is important to measure chest thickness for setting up the exposure condition of chest examination, it is difficult to measure chest thickness of children. We set up exposure parameters according to age because chest thickness of children has correlation with age. In the exposure parameters, for chest A-P examination under 2 year-children, tube voltage (kVp) in hospital A was higher than that in hospital B while tube current (mAs) was higher in hospital B, thus the ESD values were about 1.7 times higher in hospital B. However, for chest P-A examination over 4 year-children, the tube voltage was 7 kVp higher in hospital B, the tube current were same in all two systems, and focus to image receptor distance (FID) in hospital B (180 cm) was longer than that in hospital A (130 cm), thus the ESD values were 1.4 times higher in hospital A. For same ages, the ESD values for chest A-P examinations were higher than those for chest P-A examinations. Comparing ESD according to age, ESD values were $154{\mu}Gy$, $194{\mu}Gy$ and $138{\mu}Gy$ for children under 1 year, 1 to under 4 years and 4 to under 7 years of age, respectively. These values were lower than reference level ($200{\mu}Gy$) recommended in JART (japan association of radiological technologists), however these were higher than reference values recommended by EC (european commission), NRPB (national radiological protection board) and NIFDS (national institute of food & drug safety evaluation). In conclusion, the values of ESD were affected by exposure parameters from radiographer's past experience more than x-ray system. ESD values for older children were not always higher than those for younger children. Therefore we need to establish our own DRLs (diagnostic reference levels) according to age of the children in order to optimize pediatric patient protection.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 1992

Routine chest radiography is generally imaged by high voltage technique but some radiological technologists use low voltage for imaging. High voltage is usually said between $120\;kV{\sim}140\;kV$. Some RTs like using heavy filtration but others seldom like using it. However which is better for use calcium tungustate film screen system or ortho system and high contrast film or wide latitude c-type film for the exculusive use of chest radiography. We could not make a decision which is ideal method for use. In my opinion any method is not always exellent for chest radiography. In my experiments that I had at Kaken hospital in Japan last year I expect to keep the balance between image quality and diagnostic range and to reduce radiation dose for patients. My experiments are as follows. 1. We have looked into system characteristics(speed and contrast) in accordance with kVp($80{\sim}140$) and added filter($no{\sim}1/16\;VL$) in three screen film systems(BX3+CRONEX4, SRO750+MGH, SRO750+MGL). 2. We have looked into skin dose and film dose with same D=1.8 lung field density in accordance with kVp($80{\sim}140$) and added filter($no{\sim}1/16\;VL$) in three screen film systems. 3. We have compared with the evaluation between correlation of physical image quality(MTF) and optical diagnostic capability. Result are follows. 1. Speed of BX3+CRONEX4 became higher in accodance with kVp and thickness of filter but speed of ortho system was not as like regular system. Thicker filter diminished the speed over 100 kV range in SRO750+MGL. In case of SRO750+MGH speed of 1/16VL filter was looked into lower than speed of 1/4VL filter. Sensitivity of ortho system depends on tube voltage and added filter. 2. Skin dose has been detected $225\;{\mu}Gy{\sim}66\;{\mu}Gy$ in BX3+CRONEX4 from 80 kV, no filter to 140 kV, 1/16VL filter. SRO750+MGH could reduce the patient dose $1/2{\sim}1/3$ level in comparison to that of BX3+CRONEX4. 3. The higher kV was the worse MTF became the thicker filter was the worse MTF became too. MTF of BX3+CRONEX4 was detected better than MTF of SRO750+MGH but SRO750+MGH's optical detectability of small lesion in lung field came out better than that of BX3+CRONEX4. Conclusion Recently routine chest radiography is generally imaged by high voltage but it seems to be there are some questions in using of film screen combination. In high voltage chest radiography the subject contrast will come down that means latitude become wider. In this case if we select the low contrast film screen system(C or L type) the film contrast will fall down extremly and detectability of small lesion will be deteriorated. Wide latitude C, L type film has a merit of high detectability on mediastinum. Furthermore high contrast film screen system has the advantage to keep the high contrast in low density region as like mediastinum and heart shadow. Therefore in low subject contrast high voltage chest radiography we would rather choose the high contrast film screen system(H type) I think. From a view point of patient dose detectability of mediastinum and lung field. The optimum technical facter was found out 120 kV, 1/16VL filter : BX3+CRONEX4, 140 kV, 1/4VL filter : SRO750+MGH, 100 kV, 1/4VL filter : SRO750+MGL.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.979-986
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• 2019

The purpose of this study devised a method for the examination of the images of the first and second rib fractures of the axillary using Rib Rando Phantom. The position of the phantom and the angle of the X-ray tube were changed to vertical, head 5° and foot 5°. The Radiological Technologists subjectively evaluated the acquired images and the evaluation data were analyzed by SPSS 3.0 ver. The signal to noise ratio(SNR) was calculated using the ImageJ Program. As a result, the cronbach alpha value was significantly higher at 0.789. The SNR was highest at 6.038 when the X-ray tube was tilted 5° toward the head in the front of the ribs and highest at 7.860 when the X-ray tube was tilted 5° toward the foot. Radiographic Techniques proposed axillary ribs this study are as follows. The anterior rib scan is examined by elevating the fractured area and changing the X-ray tube angle by 5° towards the head. The posterior ribs scan is examined by attaching the fractured area and changing to the X-ray tube angle by 5° towards the foot. It is considered that such an inspection method can obtain a sharp image.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.328-336
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the peculiarity of awareness, performance and empowerment of RTs and to find out the relationship between the levels of awareness, performance and empowerment and nosocomial infection control. A total of 84 RTs, which were working at C University Hospital in Gwangju city, were participated in this survey study. A final questionnaire consisted of total 80 items including the general characteristics(10), nosocomial infection(10), awareness level(24), performance level of the prevention of nosocomial infection(24) and empowerment scale(12). The levels of awareness and performance for prevention of nosocomial infection was significantly higher in senior RTs (p<0.05). The response about the content of 'no performance of infection control were excessive work(42.9%), lack of knowledge(17.8%) and insufficiency of time(16.7%), respectively. The association among awareness level, performance level and empowerment score for the prevention of nosocomial infection, it showed positive correlations as follows: awareness vs. performance level (Pearson's coefficient ${\gamma}=0.476$), awareness vs. empowerment (${\gamma}=0.276$) and performance vs. empowerment (${\gamma}=0.459$) (p<0.05). The factor that effected on performance was empowerment (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Purpose : The Carotid Angio inspection including Aortic arch applied to wide area is conducted as the Contrast Enhance MR Angiography(CEA) which is using a contrast medium. However it is a burden not only for someone such as infants, pregnant women and patients suffering from kidney failure but continuous use of contrast medium also can be a burden for patients who has been taken follow up inspection since diagnose lesion already. The purpose of this study is to estimate a usefulness of the Time of Flight (TOF) by comparing with CEA. Materials and methods : 10 patients with an average age of 58 (from 45 to 75) who had MRA inspection in our hospital were studied using 3.0 Tesla Aachieva (Philips, Netherland) MRI system and Sense Neuro-Vascular 16 Channels Coil. The same patient was inspected both TOF and CEA simultaneously. The TOF inspection included from Aortic arch to Willis Circle by connecting 3 TOF stacks and so did CEA inspection. The quantitative analysis was conducted through signal to noise ratio(SNR) and contrast to noise ratio(CNR) with soft tissue by setting up an area of interest on CCA bifurcatoin, ICA, ECA, MCA and VA concerning obtained image. In case of qualitative analysis, 3 radiological technologists and 1 radiologist evaluated 4 items (1: Visibility of the blood vessel, 2: Image distortion measure, 3: Overlapping measure with vein, 4: Peripheral blood vessel description measure) into five points scale (1: Very bad, 2: Bad, 3: Normal 4: Good, 5: Very good). Results : Results for the quantitative analysis was obtained by calculating the average of 5 ROIs in case of SNR and CNR separately. Results of SNR, TOF were generally measured higher than CEA (In case of TOF were 166.1, 205.2, 154.39, 172.23, 161.95, and CEA were 92.05, 95.43, 84.76, 73.69, 88.3). But according to the result of CNR, both TOF and CEA were measured similarly as 67.62, 106.71, 55.9, 73.74, 63.46 for TOF and 67.82, 71.19, 60.52, 49.45, 64.07 for CEA. Throughout every results of each ROI, SNR showed statistically meaningful consequence (0.050.05). In case of qualitative analysis the average of each evaluated item was 4.2points and 4.28points in the item1, 2.93points and 4.55points in the item2, 4.6points and 3.13points in the item3, 2.88points and 4.6points in the item4. According to the results TOF was measured higher in the item3 while in the item2 and item4 CEA was higher and in case of the item1, both CEA and TOF were similar. To sum up statistically meaningful results (p<0.05) were shown in the item2, item3 and item4 but not in the item1 (p>0.05). Conclusions : Both TOF and CEA are complementary because each inspection has pros and cons, but when inspect wide area including Aortic arch normally CEA is conducted. But TOF inspection also can be considered as alternative in terms of patients who has difficulty in the contrast medium such as infants, pregnant women and patients suffering from kidney failure and patients during follow up.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to compare the resolution and density appropriate to diagnosis in chest PA radiography. In comparing the resolution, we radiographed with conventional radiography, computed radiography(CR) and digital radiography(DR) using the linear resolution phantom(Nuclear Associates-Carle Place. N.Y.). 2 radiologists and 3 radiological technologists read the resolution value by the blind test. DR, conventional radiography and CR measured 3.95, 3.58, 3.48 resolution value respectively. In analysing the density, we chose the fifty normal chest CR and DR and conventional film. We estimated the density using by densitometer(X-rite company-Model 301) in seven regions(lung field, lung field margine, mediastinum I, mediastinum II, heart shadow I, heart shadow II, diaphragm) of chest film. We adapted to analysis the Japanese chest X-ray evaluating method and table. It was scored 0(farthest density value) to 2(nearest density value). DR scored 2 at mediastinum I, mediastinum II, heart shadow I, heart shadow II and diaphragm. On the contrary with, CR scored 2 at lung field and lung field margine. Consequently, DR superior than CR and conventional radiography film compairing density and resolution. It was due to small pixel size and post processing algorithm with digital radiography.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.321-327
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• 2021

Wrist PA-grip view is used to diagnose triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tear because it can easily diagnose damage to the surrounding wrist ligaments. However, despite advances in radiology equipment, distortion of images due to geometric elements still has many limitations. In this paper, we propose a method that can minimize the distortions of images by analyzing the distortions occurring in the wrist PA-grip view. A source of image distance (SID) were set at 130 cm and 150 cm for comparison with 110 cm. Depending on the SID, the phantom of wrist was moved at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 cm in the X-axis and Y-axis directions, respectively. For quantitative evaluation, the difference of distance between the radius and ulna was measured in picture archiving and communication system (PACS) system. As a qualitative evaluation, survey was conducted among 20 radiologic technologists who examined the Wrist PA-grip view. The Kruskal Wallis test was performed to compare the distortion according to the phantom movement in the X-axis and Y-axis directions based on the SID, and the Tukey test was performed as a post-test. In the quantitative evaluation results, the measured values obtained in the X-axis was not significantly different in all groups (p>0.05). The measured values obtained in the Y-axis was significantly different in the most groups (p<0.05). Therefore, to reduce distortion while maintaining image quality, we recommend what examine the SID at 150 cm than 110 cm.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 1985

We serveyed the actual condition of business of the departments of radiology of 45 health conters (except 3) in the area of Seoul, Kyungki and Inchon from March, 1984 to November, 1984. The results are summarized as follows : 1. T.O. of the radiologic technologist is three persons in each health center of Seoul area, and one person in each one of Kyungki and Inchon area. P.O. is 2-5 persons in Seoul area, 1-2 persons in Kyungki or Inchon area. 2. The number of all the radiologic technologists employed now is 75 persons, and among all of them, when analized by position class 7th is 54.7%, class 8th 28.0%, class 9th is 13.3%, and class 6th is 2.7%, and by sex, female is 68.0%, male is 32.0%, by educational background, for the most part, junior college graduates come to 73.3%, by age group 60% of them is in their twenties, 16.0% is in their thirties and forties, 8.0% is in their fifties, and by career after certificate 60% have the career of 1-5 years, 13.3% have the one of 6-7 years or mor than 21 years, and 6.7% have the one of 11-15 years of 16-20 years. 3. All the diagnostic x-ray equipment being kept is 62, and among them flxing equipment is 71.0%, portable equipment is 29.0% and by rating of X-ray equipment, maximum tube current 100 mA is 46.8%, maximum KV 100KVP is 72.6%, the most part. 4. Photofluorographic camera and hood are equipped in every health center. While, as to the radiographic cassettes, $14{\times}14"$ cassetts are equipped in every health center, but cassettes of other sizes are in half of them. 5. Bucky's table is equipped in 11.9% health centers, the automatic processor is in 21.4%, the photofluorographic film changer is 9.5%, the grid is 73.8%, the protective apron is in 88.1%, and the protective glove is in 57.1% health centers. 6. The number of the people who got the x-ray examination for one year (by the year 1989) is the most, 1,000-6,000 in direct radiography of the chest, or 15,0001-45,000 in the health centers of Seoul area, 5,000-20,000 in Kyungki and Inchon area in photofluorography of the chest. Moreover, other radiographies are being taken extremely limitedly in all health centers. 7. In processing types of x-ray film, automatic processing is used in 9 health centers (21.4%), manual tank processing is in 30 (71.4%), and manual tray processing in 3 (7.2%). 8. As for collimation of x-ray exposure field, "continual using restricted by a subject size" has the most part, 78.6% "restricted using at every radiography" has 19%, and the case of "never considered" has 2.4% response. 9. As for the dosimeter used for radiation control, film badge (35.7%) and pocket dosimeter (26.2%) are used, and in 38.1% health centers the dosimeter is not equipped at all. Consideration of the previous radiation exposure is being done in only one health center. 10. Reading of radiographs is mainly depended on the radiologists electively (45.2%) or on the genral practitioners(45.2%).

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2009

Purpose: Diagnostic and functional imaging softwares in Nuclear Medicine have been developed significantly. But, there are some limitations which like take a lot of time. In this article, we introduced that the basic concept of macro to help understanding macro and its application to Brain SPECT processing. We adopted macro software to SPM processing and PACS verify processing of Brain SPECT processing. Materials and Methods: In Brain SPECT, we choose SPM processing and two PACS works which have large portion of a work. SPM is the software package to analyze neuroimaging data. And purpose of SPM is quantitative analysis between groups. Results are made by complicated process such as realignment, normalization, smoothing and mapping. We made this process to be more simple by using macro program. After sending image to PACS, we directly input coordinates of mouse using simple macro program for processes of color mapping, adjustment of gray scale, copy, cut and match. So we compared time for making result by hand with making result by macro program. Finally, we got results by applying times to number of studies in 2007. Results: In 2007, the number of SPM studies were 115 and the number of PACS studies were 834 according to Diamox study. It was taken 10 to 15 minutes for SPM work by hand according to expertness and 5 minutes and a half was uniformly needed using Macro. After applying needed time to the number of studies, we calculated an average time per a year. When using SPM work by hand according to expertness, 1150 to 1725 minutes (19 to 29 hours) were needed and 632 seconds (11 hours) were needed for using Macro. When using PACS work by hand, 2 to 3 minutes were needed and for using Macro, 45 seconds were needed. After applying theses time to the number of studies, when working by hand, 1668 to 2502 minutes (28 to 42 hours) were needed and for using Macro, 625 minutes (10 hours) were needed. Following by these results, it was shown that 1043 to 1877 (17 to 31 hours were saved. Therefore, we could save 45 to 63% for SPM, 62 to 75% for PACS work and 55 to 70% for total brain SPECT processing in 2007. Conclusions: On the basis of the number of studies, there was significant time saved when we applied Macro to brain SPECT processing and also it was shown that even though work is taken a little time, there is a possibility to save lots of time according to the number of studies. It gives time on technologist's side which makes radiological technologist more concentrate for patients and reduce probability of mistake. Appling Macro to brain SPECT processing helps for both of radiological technologists and patients and contribute to improve quality of hospital service.