• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.730-736
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• 1997

Distribution of radioactivity in the skin tissues, subcutaneous tissues, blood and body organs was examined following topical application of $^{125}I-rhEGF$(0.4 ${\mu}Ci$), in the form of a Pluronic F-127 gel, on the normal and damaged (burned and stripped) skins of SD male rats. The radioactivity in the skin tissues and subcutaneous tissues was 3-5 times higher for the damaged skins than for the normal skin. But pretreatment of the skin with rhEGF (1${\mu}g$)) twice at 24 hr dose intervals affected the distribution of the radioactivity yielding the order of burned skin> stripped skin=normal skin. The decrease for the stripped skin by the pretreatment might be related either to the pathophysiological change of the skin or to the down regulation of the EGF receptor. Liver showed the highest radioactivity in amount following single and multiple administration of the drug to the normal and damaged skins. But,in concentration, the kidney and stomach showed higher value than the liver which is consistent with that kidney is a major eliminating organ of EGF and that EGF exerts its pharmacological effect specifically for the stomach.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.562-571
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• 2003

A series of factors such as sampling, pretreatment measurement, volume estimation which induces uncertainty of the calculated radioactivity in liquid effluent released from a nuclear power plant were analyzed. It is innately impossible to estimate exact error of the calculated radioactivity, since most of the input parameters are determined by a single measurement and true value of the released radioactivity cannot be known. In this paper, a systematic model to calculate uncertainty of the released liquid radioactivity was developed based upon the guidance report published by the ISO in 1993, and the model was applied to a set of hypothetical batch release conditions. As a result, the Priority of each input parameter was turned out to be (1) wastewater volume, (2) sample volume, and (3) measured radioactivity of the sample. In addition, probability distribution of the released radioactivity was simulated by Monte Carlo method combining the probability distribution of each input parameter It was shown that the radioactivity released to the environment, which has been reported as a single value, has a certain form of probability distribution.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.4554-4560
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• 2023

Continuous monitoring of radioactive substances over a prolonged duration can yield crucial insights into the levels of radiation exposure through inhalation, both in the vicinity of nuclear facilities and/or general environments. In this study, we evaluated long-term measurements (2012-2022) of gross alpha-beta activities in the air in the vicinity of nuclear facilities and reference site, distribution characteristics of temporal trends and spatial fluctuations, and factors affecting radioactivity levels. The average airborne gross-α (in mBq m^-3) for onsite and off-site were 0.124 and 0.117, respectively, and the average airborne gross-β (in mBq m^-3) measurements were 1.10 and 1.04, respectively. The activity ratio (AR) of gross-α and gross-β were calculated as a ratio of 0.12. The distribution characteristics of gross-α and gross-β activities in this study area are likely influenced by the meteorological factors and variations in airborne PM concentrations rather than the operation of the nuclear facility.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.335-344
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• 1997

The absorption, distribution and excretion of $^{14}C$ labeled YH1885 {5,6-Dimethyl-2(4-fluorophenylamino)-4-(1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)pyrimidine hydroc hloride), a new proton pumpinhibitor, were investigated in rats after a single administration of $^{14}C$-YH1885. 1. After intravenous administration of 5mg/kg, the blood level of radioactivity declined in a biphasic fashion with the mean terminal elimination half-life of 12.4hr. 2. After oral administration of 20mg/kg, the maximum blood level of radioactirity was reached at 4.0hr in female rats. The blood level of radioactivity-time profiles in male and female rats were similar, and the absorptionof $^{14}C$-YH1885 was not affected by food. 3. Appproximately 89% and 1% of radioactivity of the total dose were excreted in feces and urine, respectively. 4. Biliary excretion of radioactivity was 47.9% of the dose. Enterohepatic circulation of radioactivity was 49.6%. 5. Radioactivity was excreted maily into feces via bile. 6. The concentration of radioactivity in most tissues reached the peak level at 4.0hr after dosing, and then declined. Autoradiograms of male rats showed that the radioactivity levlels in the fat, harder's gland, liver and G-Itract were higher than those in the other tissues and the elimination of radioactivity from fat and liver was slow. 7. Autoradiograms of a pregnant rat showed that radioactivity was transferred to mammary gland, placenta and fetus. The radioactivity level in the mammary gland was higher than that in the blood.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 1997

The distribution and excretion of radioactivity were examined after intraportal administration of sup 166/Ho-chitosan complex at a dose of 1 mcitg (10 mg chitosan/kg) to rats. Whole body macroautoluminographs showed that the radioactivity after an administration was concentrated in liver and perfused primarily to organs including kidney, spleen, and bone marrow, then to muscle and brain. Similar profiles were observed from 2 hr to 168 hr after the administration. The relative percentage of radioactivity in bone and spinal column increased with time, suggesting that free $^{166}$ Ho, released from chitosan complex deposited in the liver, selectively binds to these tissues. $^{166}$ Ho-chitosan complex administered intraportally was excreted less than 4% through urine (2.7$\pm$0.8%) and feces (0.65 $\pm$ 0.4%) up to seven days. These results demonstrate that the radio-activity of $_{166}$ Ho-chitusan complex when administered intraportally, mainly localizes in liver without affec-ting other tissues and organs. Considering the short half life of $^{166}$ Ho and the localization to the liver, $^{166}$ Ho-chitosan complex might be a useful agent in the treatment of hepatic carcinoma.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 1983

1. To know the site of saponin synthesis in this plant, 4-years old Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer was administered with 1, 2-l4C-acetate (Na salt, 10 ucilplant) by stem injection and was continued to grow for 3 weeks and the distribution of the radioactivity in leaf, stem and root part was identified. The percentage of radioactivity recovered was about 3.99%. 2. The sliced roots or leaf discs (2g) were bathed in the reaction mixture containing sugar, ATP, NADPH, and the distribution of the radioactivity of the fractions (sugar, saponin, sapogenin) was identified. 3. It seemed that major synthesized saponins in roots and leaves are dial and triol-type, respectively. Although both types of saponins are synthesized in roots, the main saponins seemed to be dial saponins and a significant portion of triol saponins are supplied from leaves through stem.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.75-75
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• 1993

The general pharmacological profiles of SKI 2053R were investigeted on the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, respiratory-cardiovascular system, digestive system and other systems. SKI 2053R had no significant pharmacological effects. Pharmacokinetic studies on time-course of blood levels, tissue distribution and excretion of SKI 20S3R were performed in rats and beagle dogs after intravenous administration of $^{14}$ C-labeled SKI 2053R. The blood level of radioactivity decreased in bi-or tri-exponential manners: rapidly decreased at $\alpha$-phase but slowly decreased at $\beta$-or ${\gamma}$-phase. $^{14}$ C SKI 2053R was well distributed to all tissues except central nervous system. Tissue concentration profiles of radioactivity were almost consistent wi th those of blood, but higher than those of plasma from 1 to 168 hrs after administration. Also, these results were consistent wi th those of whole body ARG study. The urinary and fecal excretions of radioactivity within 168 hr after administration were 84-87 and 9-11 ％ of total radioactivity of $^{14}$ C-SKI 2053R administered. In lactating rats, the levels of radioactivity in the milk were significantly lower than that in the blood, but slightly higher than that in the plasma. The disapperance of the radioactivity from the milk was similar as that in the plasma.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.1606-1615
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• 2022

For investigating whether the MARSSIM nonparametric test has sufficient statistical power when a site has a specific contamination distribution before conducting a final status survey (FSS), a novel approach was proposed to predict the release probability of the site. Five distributions were assumed: lognormal distribution, normal distribution, maximum extreme value distribution, minimum extreme value distribution, and uniform distribution. Hypothetical radioactivity populations were generated for each distribution, and Sign tests were performed to predict the release probabilities after extracting samples using Monte Carlo simulations. The designed Type I error (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1) was always satisfied for all distributions, while the designed Type II error (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1) was not always met for the uniform, maximum extreme value, and lognormal distributions. Through detailed analyses for lognormal and normal distributions which are often found for contaminants in actual environmental or soil samples, it was found that a greater statistical power was obtained from survey units with normal distribution than with lognormal distribution. This study is expected to contribute to achieving the designed decision error when the contamination distribution of a survey unit is identified, by predicting whether the survey unit passes the statistical test before undertaking the FSS according to MARSSIM.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.108-108
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• 1995

Pharmacokinetic studies on time-course of blood levels, tissue distribution, and excretion of G009, a potential hepatoprotective agent, were performed in male rats after a single oral dose(20mg/kg) of $\^$14/C-labelled G009. The radioactivity concentrations in plasma during 0～3 hours are low, but subsequently increase to a maximum at 12 hours after dosing. $\^$14/C-G009 was well distributed to all tissue. Tissue concentration profiles of radioactivity vary among tissues on time-course after administration. G009(single oral dosage) was distributed and/or absorbed at gastric intestines and excretional organs for initial time of 0-7 hours, and distributed to most tissue at 12-24 hours. In special, the concentration of radioactivity in tiller at 48 hours were 1% of total radioactivity of $\^$14/C-G009 administered. The expired air, urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity within 24hours after administration were 61.5%, 1.9% and 21.2% of total radioactivity of $\^$14/C-G009 administered. The biliary excretion of radioactivity in rat increased slightly for 0-6 hours after administration. The biliary excretion of radioactivity within 48hours were 1.97%.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 1993

0.5 mg of natural ginsenoside mixture and 0.8 $\mu$Ci of synthesized 14C-ginsenosides were administered orally to a rat and killed at one hour after the ginsenoside administration and the liver was fractionated into nuclear fraction, mitrochondria microsomes and cytosol fraction. Radioactivity distribu lion in subcellular fractions of the liver showed that 32o1c of total radioactivity absorbed in the liver was in cytosol fraction but a significant portion of the radioactivity was also found in mitochondria (26.6%) and microsomal fraction (18.l%). 5.8% of the total radioactivity was recovered from the nuclear fraction as well. This suggested that ginsenosides might be distributed into all subcellular fractions. Activities of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase of the liver of rat at two hours after the ginsenoside administraion were found appreciably stimulated, suggesting that the ginsenoside concentration in the liver might be around 10-5%, since optimum concentrations for most enzyme catalyzed reactions in vitro were known to be 10-6% 10-4%. A significant portion of the radioactivity recovered from subcellular fractions of the liver was found in protein fractions, suggesting that proteins might interact with ginsenosides. Examination of protein-ginsenoside interation by gel filtration, equilibrium dialysis and amonium sulfate precipitation technique suggesting that proteins and ginsenosides do not bound covalently but weakl\ulcorner combined. When purified ginsenoside Rbl and Rgl were incubated with rat liver cytosolic enzymes for 20 min, the above ginsenosides were hydrolyzed quickly, suggesting that ginsenosides might be rapidly hydrolyzed and metabolized in the liver. It was also observed in vitro that the ginsenosides such as Rbl and Rgl were easily hydrolyzed by rat liver cytosol preparation suggesting that absorbed ginsenosides might be quickly hydrolyzed and metabolized in the liver.