• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.200-205
• /
• 1994

그레이브스 갑상선기능항진증은 자가면역질환의 하나로 방사성 옥소가 간편하고 경제적이며 효과적인 치료법임이 알려져 있는데 방사성 옥소 투여 후 갑상선 조직의 자극 및 파괴에 따라 각종 항원의 노출의 증가와 이에 대한 자가항체의 변동이 예상된다. 저자들은 추정 갑상선 무게를 고려한 6-10 mCi의 방사성 옥소를 투여 받은 그레이브스 갑상선기능항진증 환자 90명을 2년간 추적하여 치료 전 후의 혈청 갑상선자극 면역글로불린(TBIIl)활성도와 thyroglobulin 및 antithyroglobulin antibody의 변화를 관찰하였다. 1) 대상환자 90명의 연령분포는 14-58세(중앙치 30)였으며 여자가 72명(80%)이었다. 2) 평가대상 환자 중 치료 전 TBIIl 활성도가 정상범위였던 경우는 15명(30%)이었고 증가된 경우는 35명(70%)이었다. 치료 전보다 치료 3개월 후에 TBII 활성도가 더 증가된 경우는 31명(62% )이었다. 3) TBII 활성도가 치료 전에 증가하였거나, 치료 전에 정상범위였다가 치료 3개월 후에 증가한 환자의 TBII 활성도의 동태는 치료 3개월 후에 가장 높았고 그 후 점차 감소하였다. 이들의 TBIIl 활성도가 15%이내로 정상화된 정도는 치료 후 6개월에 40%, 12개월에 82%였다. 4) 치료 전 antithyroglobulin antibody가 양성인 경우 80%에서 3개월 후에도 혈청 thyroglobulin의 동태는 치료 3개월 후에 높았다가 증가가 없었으며 치료 전 antithyroglobulin antibody가 음성인 경우 60%에서 치료 3개월 후에 혈청 thyroglobulin의 증가가 있었다. 5) antithyroglobulin antibody가 음성인 경우의 혈청 thyroglobulin의 동태는 치료 3개월 후에 높았다가 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 antithyroglobulin antibody가 양성인 경우의 혈청 thyroglobulin의 동태는 치료 후 시간이 지남에 따라 점차 감소하였다. 6) 치료 전 antithyroglobulin antibody가 음성인 경우 치료 후 시간 경과에 따라 동시에 측정한 혈청 TBII 활성도와 thyroglobulin 사이에는 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 있었다(p<0.01). 한편 치료 전 antithyroglobulin antibody가 양성인 경우 치료 후 시간 경과에 따라 동시에 측정한 혈청 TBII 활성도와 thyroglobulin 사이에는 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 없었다(p= 0.16). 이상의 결과로 방사성 옥소를 투여 받은 그레이브스 갑상선기능항진증 환자에서 혈청 TBII 활성도는 항갑상선제를 투여 받은 경우와는 달리 초기에 증가하였다가 시간이 지남에 따라 점차 감소함을 알 수 있었으며 그 감소 정도는 항갑상선제만을 쓴 경우보다 더 빠를 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 혈청 TBII 활성도와 thyroglobulin은 방사성 옥소 치료효과의 관찰에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각되며 특히 antithyroglobulin antibody가 음성인 경우 혈청 thyroglobulin은 혈청 TBII 활성도를 반영할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.147-156
• /
• 2008

Purpose: All acts which are enforced from the radioactive iodine therapeutic team is a in its own way principle and provision. Therefore unification of all acts can not be appropriately. We will make the standard coherence. Materials & Methods: From 5 November, 2007 to 17 November 2007, we conducted a questionnaire survey of the nuclear medicine manager of 30 hospitals. The contents of a questionnaire is medical treatment section, patient management, prosecuting attorney section, waste management and safety supervision in about the patient and a questionnaire was drawn up in the method which selects an item. Results: 30 hospital agencies are operating purely for I-131 high dose ablation therapy. Diagnostic study and daily schedule had the difference of some. The most of education for the patients took charge of doctor and nurse. The satisfaction of education was evaluated as the high thing. The safety supervision of waste management accomplishment and Safety supervision the patient and the worker observed on the basis of atomic energy law. Conclusion: Specific standards with sufficient amount of information and practical contents should have been presented through the following data. However, it seems to be lacking in many aspects. Nevertheless, respondents rated 70.9%, which is relatively high, on the value of clinical utilization, and I am very thankful for the evaluation. For many years from now, it may seem necessary for a lot of research on the specific matters based on these data to be conducted.

• Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
• /
• v.61 no.12
• /
• pp.697-701
• /
• 2018

Background and Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical completeness in endoscopic total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection via unilateral axillo-breast approach (UABA) compared with bilateral axillo-breast (BABA) and open approach (OA) by means of the radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) ratio and thyroglobulin (Tg) of remnant thyroid. Subjects and Method From July 2010 to March 2013, 82 patients who had underwent total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection and postoperative radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation for papillary thyroid carcinoma were enrolled. Of these patients, 27 patients underwent UABA, 24 patients BABA, and 31 patients OA. Clinicopathologic data, surgical outcome, stimulated Tg and RAIU ratio on the first postoperative RAI ablation scan were compared among 3 groups. Results Patients in the endoscopic surgery groups (UABA, BABA) were younger than those in the OA groups. Invasiveness such as operation time, postoperative pain, and drain amount in UABA was less than that in BABA and severer than that in OA. Other variables regarding clinicopathologic and surgical data were not significantly different. Stimulated Tg and RAIU ratio did not show significant differences among 3 groups (p=0.659 and p=0.664). Conclusion The completeness of UABA was comparable with that of BABA and OA. The UABA may be a safe option for patients who need endoscopic thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 1985

An immunoassay may be defined as an analytical procedure involving the competitive reaction between a limiting concentration of specific antibody and two populations of antigen, one of which is labelled or immobillized. The advent of immunoassay has revolutionised our knowledge of reproductive physiology and the practice of veterinary and clinical medicine. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was the first of these methods to be developed, which meausred the analyte with good sensitivity, accuracy and precision (1,2). The essential components of RIA are:-(i) a limited concentration of antibodies, (ii) a reference preparation, and (iii) an antigen labelled with a radioisotope (usually tritium or iodine-125). Most procedures invelove isolating the antibody-bound fraction and measuring the amount of labelled antigen. Good facilities are available for scintilltion counting, data reduction nd statistical analysis. RIA is undergoing refinement through:-(i) the introduction of new techniques to separate the antibody-bound and free fractions which minimize the misclassification of labelled antigen into these compartments, and the amount of non-specfic binding. (3), (ii) the development of non-extration for the measurement of haptens (4), (iii) the determination of a, pp.rent free (i.e. non-protein bound) analytes (5), and (iv) the use of monoclonal antibodies(6). In 1968, Miles and Hales introduced in important new type of immunoassay which they termed immunora-diometric assay (IRMA) based on t도 use of isotopically labelled specific antibodies(7) in a move from limited to excess reagent systems. The concept of two-site IRMAs (with a capture antibody on a solid-phase, and a second labelled antibody to a different antigenic determinant of the analyte) has enabled the development of more sensitive and less-time consuming methods for the measurement of protein hormones ovar wide concentration of analyte (8). The increasing use of isotopic methos for diverse a, pp.ications has exposed several problems. For example, the radioactive half-life and radiolysis of the labelled reagent limits assay sensitivity and imposes a time limit on the usefulness of a kit. In addition, the potential health hazards associated with the use and disposal of radioactive cmpounds and the solvents and photofluors necessary for liquid scientillation counting are incompatable with the development of extra-laboratory tests. To date, the most practical alternative labels to radioisotopes, for the measurement of analytes in a concentration > 1 ng/ml, are erythrocytes, polystyrene particiles, gold sols, dyes and enzymes or cofactors with a visual or colorimetric end-point(9). Increased sensitivity to<1 pg/ml may be obtained with fluorescent and chemiluminescent labels, or enzymes with a fluorometric, chemiluminometric or bioluminometric end-point. The sensitivity of any immunoassay or immunometric assay depends on the affinity of the antibody-antigen reaction, the specific activity of the label, the precision with which the reagents are manipulated and the nonspecific background signal (10). The sensitivity of a limited reagent system for the measurement of haptens or proteins is mainly dependent upon the affinity of the antibodies and the smalleest amount of reagent that may be manipulated. Consequently, it is difficult in practice to improve on the sensitivity obtained with iodine-125 as the label. Conversely, with excess reagent systems for the measurement of proteins it is theoretically possible to increase assay sensitivity at least 1000 fold with alternative luminescent labels. To date, a 10-fold improvement has been achieved, and attempts are being made to reduce the influence of other variables on the specific signal from the immunoreaction.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.110-116
• /
• 1968

The mature guinea pigs were grouped as indicated in the table 1. Radio-active iodine(I-131)in dose of 4.5mci, was administered to the experimental groups. The animals were killed for examination in 1, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 55 days after the administration the radio-active iodine. The thyroid and adrenal glands were observed histologically. The results obtained were as follows; 1. One day after the administration, thyroid epithelial cells were abnormally enlarged. After seven days, specimens taken from the middle of the thyroid showed that the follicles and epithelial cells were changing to fibrous tissue, however, some follicles still remained in the verge of the thyroid. Follicles were not observed after fourteen days. After twenty-eight days, the follicles had all changed to fibrous tissue, and had lost their function. 2. The size of the zonas gromerulosa of adrenal cortex epually, in both male and female, showed slight fluctuation in size with no tendency to be changed. 3. Among the zones of the adrenal glands, zona fasciculata showed marked changes. Zona fasciculata was atrophied in Process of time. In females, it was atrophied significantly(P<0.05) after fourteen days, and highly significant (P<0.01) in twenty-eight and fifty-six days after the administration of radioactive iodine. In males, it also decreased significantly(P<0.05) in seventy-eight days and highly significant(P<0.01) in forty-two and fifty-six days after the administration. 4. The size of the Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex in the females increased significantly (P<0.05) in twenty-eight days after the administration. In males, it showed slight fluctuation until twenty-eight days, but it increased significantly(P<0.05) in forty-two and fifty-six days after the administration. 5. The size of the adrenal medulla increased significantly(P<0.05) in twenty-eight and forty-two days in females. It was increased significantly(P<0.05) in fourth-two days and high significantly(P<0.01) in fifty-six days after the administration.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.151-158
• /
• 2010

In order to measure the deposition velocity of $I_2$ vapor for radish plants and its translocation factor for their roots, radish plants were exposed to $I_2$ vapor for 80 min. at different growth stages between 29 and 53 d after sowing. The exposure was performed in a transparent chamber during the morning time. Deposition velocities ($ms^{-1}$) were on the whole in the range of $1.0{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}2.0{\times}10^{-4}$ showing an increasing tendency with an increase in the biomass density. The results showed some agreement with existing reports that a higher relative humidity would lead to a higher deposition velocity. The acquired deposition velocities were lower than by factors of several tens than some field measurements probably due to a very low wind speed (about $0.2\;ms^{-1}$) in the chamber. Translocation factors (ratio of the total iodine in the roots at harvest to the total plant deposition), estimated in a more or less conservative way, were $1.3{\times}10^{-3}$ for an exposure at 29 d after sowing and $5.0{\times}10^{-3}$ for an exposure at 53 d after sowing. In using the present experimental data, meteorological conditions and chemical and physical forms of iodine need to be carefully considered.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.38-45
• /
• 2014

This paper describes the results of assessment of radiological dose resulting from operation of the Daedeok nuclear facilities including the HANARO research reactor, which has been performed to assure whether or not to comply with the regulation standards of the radioactive effluents releases. Based on the meteorological data and the radiation source term, the maximum individual doses were evaluated from 2010 to 2012. The atmospheric dispersion and the deposition factors of gaseous effluents were calculated using the XOQDOQ computer code. ENDOS-G and ENDOS-L code systems were also used for maximum individual dose calculation from gaseous and liquid effluents, respectively. The results were compared with the regulation standards for the radioactive effluents presented by the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC). The effective doses and the thyroid doses of the maximum individual were calculated at the maximum exposed point in the Daedeok site, and contributions of exposure pathways to the radiological doses resulting from gaseous and liquid radioactive effluents were evaluated at each facility of the Daedeok site. As a result, the maximum exposed age was analysed to be the child group, and the operation of HANARO research reactor had a major effect more than 90% on the individual doses. The main exposure pathways for gaseous radioactive effluent were from ingestion and inhalation. The effective doses and the thyroid doses were considerably influenced by tritium and iodine, respectively. The gaseous radioactive effluents contributed more than 90% on the total doses, whereas the contributions of the liquid radioactive effluents were relatively low. Consequently, the maximum individual dose due to radioactive effluents from the nuclear facilities within the Daedeok site were less than 3% of the regulation standard over 3 years; therefore, it can be concluded that radioactive effluents from the nuclear facilities were well managed, with the radiation-induced health detriment for residents around the site being negligible.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.633-638
• /
• 2016

In this study, we used three kinds of commercially available cation, anion, and mixed-ion exchange resins to separate radioactive ions from a polluted water containing Cs, I, and other radioactive ions. The experiment was conducted at a room temperature with a batch method, and a comparative analysis on the decontamination ability of each resin for the removal of Cs and I was performed by using different quantities of resins. The concentration was analyzed using ion chromatography and the ion exchange resin product from company D showed an overall high ion exchange ability. However, for most of the experiments when the amount of ion exchange resin was decreased, the decontamination ability of the resins against mass increased. When the mass of company D's cation exchange resin was small, the ion exchange ability against Cs and I ions were measured as 0.199 and 0.344 meq/g, respectively. When the mixed ion exchange resin was used, the ion exchange ability against I ions was measured as 0.33 meq/g. All in all, company D's ion exchange resins exhibited a relatively higher ion exchange ability particularly against I ions than that of other companies' exchange ions.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 2005

A model for evaluating radioactive contamination in the urban environment, named METRO-K, was developed as a basic step for accident consequence analysis in case of an accidental release. The three kind of radionuclides $(^{137}Cs,\;^{106}Ru,\;^{131}I)$ and the different chemical forms of iodine (particulate, organic and elemental forms) are considered in the model. The radioactive concentrations are evaluated for the five types of surface (roof, paved road, wall, lawn/soil, tree) as a function of time. Using the model, the contaminative impacts of the surfaces were intensively investigated with respect to with and without precipitation during the measurement periods of radionuclides in air. In addition, a practical application study was conducted using $^{137}Cs$ concentration in air and precipitation measured in an European country at the Chernobyl accident. As a result precipitation was an influential factor in surface contamination. The degree of contamination was strongly dependent on the types of radionuclide and surface. Precipitation was more influential in contamination of $^{137}Cs$ than that of $^{131}I$ (elemental form).

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.103-112
• /
• 2017

The combination of nanoparticle with radioisotope could give the in vivo information with high sensitivity and specificity. However, radioisotope labeling of nanoparticle is very difficult and radioisotopes have different physicochemical properties, so the radioisotope selection of nanoparticle should be carefully considered. $^{18}F$ was first option to be considered for labeling of nanoparticle. For the labeling of $^{18}F$ with nanoparticle, Prosthetic group is widely used. Iodine, another radioactive halogen, is often used. Since radioiodine isotopes are various, they can be used for different imaging technique or therapy in the same labeling procedures. $^{99m}Tc$ can easily be obtained as pertechnatate ($^{99m}{TcO_4}^-$) by commercial generator. Ionic $^{68}Ga$ (III) in dilute HCl solution is also obtained by generator system, but $^{68}Ga$ can be substituted for $^{67}Ga$ because of the short half-life (67.8 min). $^{64}Cu$ emits not only positron but also ${\beta}-particle$. Therefore $^{64}Cu$ can be used for imaging and therapy at the same time. These radioactive metals can be labeled with nanoparticle using the bifunctional chelator. $^{89}Zr$ has longer half-life (78.4 h) and is used for the longer imaging time. Unlike different metals, $^{89}Zr$ should use the other chelate such as DFO, 3,4,3-(LI-1,2-HOPO) or DFOB.