• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.141-148
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• 2011

It is clarified in the radioactive waste transfer regulation that the concentration of radioactive waste for the major radio nuclide has to be examined when radioactive waste is guided to the radioactive waste stores. In case of the low level radioactive waste sample, the analytical results of radioactive waste concentration frequently show a value lower than minimum detectable activity (MDA). Since the MDA value basically depends on the amount of a sample, background value, measurement time, counting efficiency, and etc, it would be necessary to increase a sample amount with a intention of minimizing MDA. In order to measure a concentration of $^{129}I$ in low and medium level radioactive waste, $^{129}I$ was collected by using a distillation technique after leaching the simulated radioactive waste sample with a non-volatile acid. The recovery of $^{129}I$ measured was compared with that measured with column elution technique which is a conventional method using an anion-exchange resin. The recovery of inactive iodide by using the distillation method and column elution were found as $86.5{\pm}0.9%$ and $87.3{\pm}2.7%$, respectively. The recovery and MDA value calculated for distillation technique when 100 g of extracted solution of $^{129}I$ was taken, were found to be $84.6{\pm}1.6%$ and $1.2{\times}10^{-4}Bq/g$, respectively. Consequently, the proposed technique with simplified process lowered the MDA value more than 10 times compared to the column elution technique that has a disadvantage of limited sampling amount.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.2221-2231
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• 2017

In this paper, we surveyed previous cases, network protocols (such as Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Z-wave, and WirelessHart) and propagation characteristics on the application of maintaining equipments for instrumentation and control (I&C) using wireless communication techniques inside the nuclear power plant (NPP). In addition, we compared and analyzed the difference of detailed regulations with respect to the electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) in the Regulatory Guide 1.180 rev. 1 (RG. 1.180) for adopting the wireless communication techniques inside the NPP, and other regulations, such as MIL-STD 461E and IEC 61000-4, that are recognized in the KINS/RG-N03.09 (Rev. 2). Furthermore, we investigated evaluating factors about electromagnetic properties by considering indoor environments, wave scattering, shielding effectiveness, and the indoor wave attenuation model that were not included in the current electromagnetic compatibility regulation.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2017

The main subject of year 2016 Davos forum was "The 4th Industrial Revolution." Recently, interests and investment in drone market, so called industrial revolution in the sky is growing in many countries around the world. Before, drone was used for military purpose such as reconnaissance or attacking but today, it is used in various private sectors such as unmanned delivery service, agriculture, leisure activities, etc. Presently, many major countries in the world are already involved in the 'war without gunfire' to be dominant in this drone industry. Korean government also has announced an extreme relaxation of regulations for growing drone industry by opening a conference with Ministers related to economics. During the conference, business scope of drone which was limited to agriculture, photographing, and observation was expanded to all the fields except for cases hindering national safety and security. In terms of shooting purpose drone its process of receiving approval for flight and shooting is simplified to online registration. What is more, drone delivery service will be allowed in island areas such as Goheung, Yeongwol, etc from first term of year 2017. Finding the way to apply drone in criminal investigation is also speeding up. Recently, Public Safety Policy Research Center in Korean National Police University has inquired for research service and its result will be out around November. Likewise, although more and stronger foundation for supporting drone industry is made but there are still, some opinions saying that we should take a careful approach in consideration to the side effect such as abuse in crime. One may also try terror by placing a dangerous substance. If drone falls, it may hurt any civilians. Moreover, if shopping purpose drone is hacked, it may result in violation of privacy. Compared to America, Europe, and China, we are at the very beginning stage of drone industry and it is necessary to reorganize legal issues to grow this industry. This can be thought from two perspectives; first, the growth of drone industry is blocked by difficult regulations on Aviation Law and Radio Regulation Law. The second issue is the safety and privacy that are required for operating drone. For the advanced technologies to make human life more profitable, more active and proactive actions are required by criminal law side. In preparation to the second mechanical era where man and machines should go together, I hope that responsible preparation is required in all fields including the criminal law.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.1A
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• pp.83-90
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• 2007

In this paper, we propose an implementation and an algorithm of 'Jitter and Glitch Removing Circuit' for UHF RFID reader system based on ISO/IEC 18000-6C standard. We analyze the response of TI(Texas Instrument) Gen2 tag with a reader using the proposed algorithm. In ISO/IEC 18000-6C standard, a bit rate accuracy(tolerance) is up to +/-22% during tag-to-interrogator communication and +/-1% during interrogator-to-tag communication. In order to solve tolerance problems, we implement the Jitter and Glitch Removing Circuit using the concept of tolerance and tolerance-accumulation instead of PLL(DPLL, ADPLL). The main clock is 19.2MHz and the LF(Link Frequency) is determined as 40kHz to meet the local radio regulation in korea. As a result of simulations, the error-rate is zero within 15% tolerance of tag responses. And in the case of using the adaptive LF generation circuit, the error-rate varies from 0.000589 to zero between 15% and 22% tolerance of tag responses. In conclusion, the error-rate is zero between 0%-22% tolerance of tag response specified in ISO/IEC 18000-6C standard.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.69-86
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• 2009

The biggest paradigm of the latest telecommunications is ubiquitous computing. It is a technology basis to realize ubiquitous society that would affect social, economical and cultural industries with positive influence. However, there is a simultaneous concern that the approach to ubiquitous society may violate one's privacy. Therefore, the existence of legal and technological regulation would be the biggest obstacle in further RFID technology and industry dissemination. Also, in business side, they must invest with enormous expense and technology if technological method is only approached for the solution. As in the research, 8 RFID applications, application process and inspection items and 85 appraisal list of "An impact assessment for the privacy protection in RFID applications" developed by P. K. Han(2006), will be used as an indicator to measure RFID privacy impact assessment. In addition, it is to develop RFID privacy impact assessment index by applying objective data with survey of applied specialists. This would provide a data with feasibility and reliability to RFID related companies and able to utilize policy making on RFID private data. In addition, it is expected to contribute as an efficiency tool for individual data to build basis of ubiquitous society.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.535-543
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• 2006

Being used widely in semiconductor and display manufacturing, $NF_3$ is internationally considered as one of the regulated compounds in emission. Numerous companies have been continuously trying to reduce the emissions of $NF_3$ to comply with the global environmental regulation. This work is made to report the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of electrically heated scrubbers and the use rate in process chambers installed in three main LCD manufacturing companies in Korea. As the measurement techniques for $NF_3$ emission, mass flow controlled helium gas was continuously supplied into the equipment by which scrubber efficiency is being measured. The partial pressures of $NF_3$ and helium were accurately measured for each sample using a mass spectrometer, as it is emitted from inlet and outlet of the scrubber system. The results show that the DRE value for electrically heated scrubbers installed before 2004 is less than 52 %, while that for the new scrubbers modified based on measurement by scrubber manufacturer has been sigificentely improved upto more than 95 %. In additon, we have confirmed the efficiency depends on such variables as the inlet gas flow rate, water content, heater temperature, and preventative management period. The use rates of $NF_3$ in process chambers were also affected by the process type. The use rate of radio frequency source chambers, built in the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ generation process lines, was determined to be less than 75 %. In addition, that of remote plasma source chambers for the $3^{rd}$ generation was measured to be aboove 95 %. Therefore, the combined application of improved scrubber and the RPSC process chamber to the semiconductor and display process can reduce $NF_3$ emmision by 99.95 %. It is optimistic that the mission for the reduction of greenhouse gas emission can be realized in these LCD manufacturing companies in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.1
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• pp.223-243
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• 1989

The practical application of modern space science and technology have resulted in many actual and potential gains of mankind. These successes have conditioned and increased the need for a viable space law regime and the challenge of space has ultimately led to the formation of an international legal regime for space. Space law is no longer a primitive law. It is a modern law. Yet, in its stages of growth, it has not reached the condition of perfection. Therefore, under the existing state of thing, we could carefully say that the space law is one of the most newest fields of jurisprudence despite the fact that no one has so far defined it perfectly. However, if space law can be a true jurisprudential entity, it must be definable. In defining the space law, first of all, the grasp of it's nature iis inevitable. Although space law encompasses many tenets and facets of other legal discriplines, its principal nature is public international law, because space law affects and effects law relating intercourse among nations. Since early 1960s when mankind was first able to flight and stay in outer space, the necessity to control and administrate the space activities of human beings has growingly increased. The leading law-formulating agency to this purpose is the United Nation's ad hoc Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space("COPUOS"). COPUOS gave direction to public international space law by establishing the 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of the States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space("1963 Declaration"). The 1963 Declaration is very foundation of the five international multilateral treaties that were established successively after the 1963 Declaration. The five treaties are as follows: 1) The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space including Moon and other Celestial Bodies, 1967. 2) The Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts, and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space, 1968. 3) The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, 1972. 4) The Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, 1974. 5) The Agreement Governing Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies: Moon Treaty, 1979. The other face of space law is it's commercial aspect. Space is no longer the sole domination of governments. Many private enterprise have already moved directly or indirectly into space activities in the parts such as telecommunications and space manufacturing. Since space law as the public international law has already advanced in accordance with the developments of space science and technology, there left only a few areas untouched in this field of law. Therefore the possibility of rapid growth of space law is expected in the parts of commerical space law, as it is, at this time, in a nascent state. The resources of the space environment are also commercially both valuable and important since the resources include the tangible natural resources to be found on the moon and other celestial bodies. Other space-based resources are solar energy, geostationary and geosynchronous orbital positions, radio frequencies, area possibly suited to human habitations, all areas and materials lending themselves to scientific research and inquiry. Remote sensing, space manufacturing and space transportation services are also another potential areas in which commercial. endeavors of Mankind can be carried out. In this regard, space insurance is also one of the most important devices allowing mankind to proceed with commercial space venture. Thus, knowlege of how space insurance came into existence and what it covers is necessary to understand the legal issues peculiar to space law. As a conclusion the writer emphasized the international cooperation of all nations in space activities of mankind, because space commerce, by its nature, will give rise many legal issues of international scope and concern. Important national and world-community interests would be served over time through the acceptance of new international agreements relating to remote sencing, direct television broadcasting, the use of nuclear power sources in space, the regularization of the activities of space transportation systems. standards respecting contamination and pollution, and a practical boundary between outer space and air space. If space activity regulation does not move beyond the national level, the peaceful exploration of space for all mankind will not be realized. For the efficient regulation on private and governmental space activities, the creation of an international space agency, similar to the International Civil Aviation Organization but modified to meet the needs of space technology, will be required. But prior to creation of an international organization, it will be necessary to establish, at national level, the Office of Air and Space Bureau, which will administrate liscence liscence application process, safety review and sale of launch equipment, and will carry out launch service.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.159-176
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• 1998

In effort to conduct comparative study on the caregiving environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) in both U. S and Korea, this study was been conducted first in the U.S. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to identify the physical environment and direct caregiving practices to lowbirth weight infants in NICU in the US. It also aims to examine the NICU outcome status and behavioral reponses of lowbirth weight infants. Methods : A study design using descriptive and inferential statistics was been conducted through an observational, field method. A sample of 15 preform infants admitted to NICU were recruited for the study. The subjects were those with birth weight between 1,000 gm to 1,500 gm, born at the gestation period of 27 to 33 weeks, and without any chromosomal or other genetic anomalies, major congenital infections, or maternal illness. Thirty minutes observation(three times of ten minutes of continuous observation)of the infant's behavior and physiological status, and an four-hour observation of the physical environment and direct care giving procedures were been conducted on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. The data to be collected were in four areas : the demograghic characteristics of the infants, the physical environment and care giving procedures, the frequency of the infant's designated behavior and physiological response, and NICU outcome variables. A descriptive analysis and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson r were been applied according to variable characteristics. Results : 1. Mother's mean age was 29.47. The sample consisted of 6 males and 9 females. Mean gestational ages were 29.17 weeks. Mean birth weight was 1236.33g. Mean Apgar scores at one minute were 6.6, and 7.8 at five minutes. 2. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light, X-ray screens and nursing station, in proximity to side-lamp, telephone and faucet on the third day after birth. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light and radio on the tenth day and in proximity to nursing station on the day of dischage from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 3. Nesting was the most applying aids to the infants. And foot roll, shielding and plastic frame were frequently using by nurses for facilitating well modulated restful posture. 4. There were statistically significant changes in the patterns of physical environment included locating the infant's incubator and bedding, specific aids to self regulation on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 5. Statistically significant changes were not appeared in the patterns of direct caregiving procedure to the infants included stress inducing or reducing manipulations on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 6. The stress response of the infants in NICU were significantly reduced as the infants grow older. 7. There were not statistically significant correlation between the physical envronment and the stress responses of the infants in NICU. 8. There were statistically significant correlation between the direct caregiving procedure to the infants and the stress response of the infants in NICU in the second and third observation on the day three. 9. Average weight gain per day from birth to discharge was 38.73g, number of days in the hospital was 42.60, number of days before bottle feeding was 3.6. Postconception age starting bottle feed ing was 31/sup +5/ weeks. Number of days on mechanical ventilator was average 7.64, 11.42 was an average number of days of oxygen need. Conclusion : It, thus, appears that to minimize the sensorymotor stimulation for the low birthweight preterm infant in NICU, manipulation of care giving practices to the babies whatever the stress inducing or reducing procedures, have to be limited in the immediate early stage after birth. And it needed to be reexamine to identify the appropriate and specific physical environment and the patterns of direct caregiving to the low birthweight preform infant as the infants grow older in NICU.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.407-420
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• 2014

A survey was carried out regarding university students' recognition of high-caffeine energy drinks in an effort to identify and improve problems as well as provide basic data. Most of the subjects had previous experience of energy drink consumption. Studies showed that most students consumed energy drinks when studying. Regarding frequency of energy drink consumption, most students' responded "1~6 times a year"; female students showed lower frequency of energy drink consumption than male students. Both male and female students used convenience stores to purchase energy drinks. In most cases, students became aware of energy drinks through advertisements on TV, radio, newspapers, and magazines. The most important factor affecting their energy drink purchase and consumption status was taste. The most frequent adverse effect they experienced after drinking an energy drink was unusual heart-pounding, whereas the biggest problem caused by energy drink consumption was addiction. This study indicates that students should have a better understanding of the problems associated with excessive and prolonged high-caffeine intake. In addition, instructions for proper purchasing and consumption of high-caffeine energy drinks should be provided as well as education and campaigns concerning symptoms caused by high-caffeine energy drink consumption so that students may refrain from excessive consumption. Further, civil organizations and the government need to devise effective measures for proper regulation of high-caffeine energy drink consumption.