• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1252-1256
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• 2004

Radiolytic characteristics of phytic acid by gamma irradiation were investigated, and the antioxidative activity between irradiated phytic acid and commonly used antioxidants including ascorbic acid, tocopherol and butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) was evaluated. Phytic acid sodium salt dissolved in a deionized distilled water was irradiated at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy. It was found that the level of irradiation had an effects on the degree of degradation. After irradiation, stable DPPH radical scavenging capacity of phytic acid was newly observed, and it was significantly increased by dose-dependent manners (p<0.05). Antioxidant activity of phytic acid in the oil models was higher than that of the other antioxidant during storage, and phytic acid (400 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) irradiated at 20 kGy especially showed the highest antioxidative ability among the antioxidants tested during 3 weeks. Results indicated that irradiation induced the radiolysis of phytic acid in an aqueous model system, and the antiradical and antioxidative activities of irradiated phytic acid increased.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.903-911
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to measure the bioactivity and antioxidant activity of peel from Gardenia jasminoides fructus Ellis (GJE) in Namhae, Korea, following some established methods. CM (Chloroform:Methanol, 2:1, v/v), 70% ethanol, and n-butanol extracts were collected. Flavonoid content and value as a functional food ingredient of GJE peel was investigated through assessing antioxidant [DPPH (1,1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)], and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities; superoxide dismutase like ability; ferrous ion-chelating capacity; and tannin content by solvent extraction. Solvent extract antioxidant activities significantly increased (p<0.05) at increasing concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL). GJE peel extracts were less active than the positive control [ascorbic acid, BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate)]. Based on the results of this study, GJE peel could be used as a natural antioxidant source due to its high antioxidant activity and bioactive compound content.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.529-537
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• 2012

This study examined the manufacturing characteristics of sweet potato doenjang in order to gain a more efficient use of the sweet potato. Sweet potato(Sinwhangmi, Sinjami) koji(mixed sweet potato paste and soybean powder in a ratio of 1:1) was cultured with Aspergillus oryzae KCCM 11372 at $35^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. Sweet potato doenjang was fermented for 60 days using a sweet potato koji(20%, 45%) and steamed soybean(70%, 45%), with salt accounting for 10%. The glutamic acid content was determined to be much higher in sweet potato doenjang using Sinwhangmi koji(45%) and steamed soybean (45%), than that of general doenjang. The DPPH radical scavenging activity has the largest $EC_{50}$(0.9 mg) in sweet potato doenjang using Sinjami potatoes 45%. Sensory evaluation indicated a good preference for sweet potato doenjang using Sinwhangmi(45%) and steamed soybean(45%).

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.466-472
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• 2006

The kinetic behavior of emulsion polymerizations of styrene in the presence of sulfonated N-hydroxy ethyl aniline (SHEA) was investigated with two initiators: 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and potassium persulfate (KPS). SHEA was synthesized using a stepwise polyurethane reaction method from 3-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonic acid sodium salt, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and N-(2-hydroxyethyl) aniline. Stable core-shell poly(styrene/sulfonated N-hydroxy ethyl aniline, St/SHEA) latex particles were successfully prepared by using an appropriate amount of AIBN, in which SHEA plays the role of 'surfmer', i.e., acting as both a surfactant in the emulsion polymerization and a monomer in the chemical oxidative polymerization. The kinetic behavior was dissimilar to that of typical emulsion polymerization systems. A long inhibition period and low rate of polymerization were observed due to radical loss by the oxidative polymerization of SHEA. It was concluded, due to the low water-solubility of AIBN and retardation reaction by SHEA, that the initial loci of polymerization were monomer droplets. However, growing polymer particles as polymerization loci became predominant as polymerization proceeded. It was suggested that AIBN was more effective than KPS in the preparation of the core-shell type poly(St/SHEA) latex particles. With KPS, no substantial polymerization was observed in any of the samples.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.318-318
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• 2009

관행재배 농산물에 대한 유기재배 농산물의 생리활성성분 및 기능성 측면에서의 우수성에 대한 관심이 국제적으로 화두가 되고 있으나 일관성 있는 데이터가 제시되지 못해 논란이 이어지고 있다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 한국인이 일상적으로 섭취하고 있는 고추(녹광)를 대상으로 생산이력이 분명한 관행 및 유기 재배 시료를 이용해 주의 깊게 확립된 분석법을 이용해 유기 및 관행재배 고추의 생리활성성분 함량비교 및 기능성 평가를 행하였다. 그 결과 ascorbic acid, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin 및 총 페놀성 화합물의 함량은 녹색 및 적색 고추 모두에 있어 관행보다 유기재배 고추가 유의(p<0.05)하게 더 높은 값을 보였다. 그리고 flavonoid류(apigenin, luteolin, quercetin)의 함량은 녹색과 적색고추 모두 유의차는 인정되지 않았으나 관행보다 유기재배 고추에서 더 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 또 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt) (ABTS+) radical-scavenging 활성은 녹색고추에 있어서는 유기재배 고추가 관행재배 고추보다 더 높은 경향을 보였으며, 적색고추에 있어서는 유의(p<0.05)하게 높은 활성을 보였다. 고추추출물을 경구투여한 쥐 (Sprague-Dawley, 6주령, men, 180~250 g) 혈장의 동이온 유도산화에 대한 cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide (CE-OOH) 생성 억제능을 평가한 결과, 고추추출물을 경구투여한 쥐가 대조구보다 더 높은 CE-OOH 생성 억제능과 lag time연장 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 그 효과는 관행재배 고추보다 유기재배 고추에 있어서 더 우수한 것으로 관찰되었고, 녹색고추보다 적색고추에 있어 그 효과가 더 뛰어난 것으로 평가되었다. 이러한 결과는 위에서 분석한 각 시료에 함유된 항산화 성분들의 함량과 관련이 있는 결과라 판단되며, 유기재배 고추가 관행재배 고추보다 유용성분 및 생리활성 측면에서 더 우수함을 시사하는 결과라 사료된다. 그러나 한편으로 본 연구결과는 고추에 국한된 성과라 할 수 있으며, 유기재배 방법 및 다양한 환경조건에 따라 그 결과 또한 다양성을 보일 수 있음에 주의를 기울일 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.221-226
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• 2016

A new type of doenjang was manufactured by mixing soaked soybean, koji (Rhizopus oryzae), cheonggukjang (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MJ1-4 and B. amyloliquefaciens EMD17), and Pichia farinosa SY80 as a yeast, salt, and water, followed by fermentation with koji that was made by fermenting whole wheat with R. oryzae. The mixed culture doenjang was designed to have a more palatable flavor and stronger biological activities than the conventional product. The extract of mixed culture doenjang showed higher antioxidant activity than the commercial doenjang as evaluated by the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay although it was not significantly different from the commercial product in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activities. Further, the mixed culture doenjang reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and protected cells from glutamate-induced cytotoxicity more efficiently in human hippocampal HT22 neuroblastoma cells than the commercial doenjang. In conclusion, a newly-developed mixed culture doenjang had a strong antioxidant activity in vitro and cultured cell model systems, exhibited a potential to prevent oxidative stress-associated disorders although animal and clinical studies are needed to confirm its in vivo efficacy.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of ginseng leaf as a cosmetic material. In this research, we employed enzymatic treated ginseng leaf by using Ultraflo L to improve the recovery of ginsenosides from the ginseng leaf and studied the biological activities and skin safety of the enzymatic treated ginseng leaf for use as a cosmetic material. The total ginsenoside contents of the non-enzymatic treated ginseng leaf (NEGL) and Ultraflo L treated ginseng leaf (UTGL) were 271 and 406 mg/g, respectively. The level of metabolite ginsenosides (sum of Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, Rh2, and F2) was higher in UTGL (93.1 mg) compared to NEGL (62.4 mg) in one gram ginseng leaf extract. The increase in amounts of ginsenoside types in UTGL compared to NEGL was generally 140% to 157%. UTGL exhibited relatively higher 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate ($IC_{50}$, 2.8 mg/mL) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt ($IC_{50}$, 1.6 mg/mL) radical scavenging activities compared to NEGL (4.8 mg/mL and 2.2 mg/mL). The UTGL group showed normalized hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation and visual wrinkling grade induced-UVB exposure. The UTGL did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites; however, some guinea pigs treated with UTGL on abraded skin sites showed very slight erythema. The primary irritation index (PII) score of UTGL was 0.05 and it was classified as a practically non-irritating material (PII, 0 to 0.5). In skin sensitization tests with guinea pigs, UTGL had a positive rate of skin sensitization at 40%, and the mean evaluation score was 0.4.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.188-196
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• 2016

Purpose: In order to develop soy sauce and increase its functionality, by adding black garlic extract. Methods: We compared quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of 20 days aging black garlic soy sauce from mixed manufacturers with raw soy sauce (commercial fermented soy sauce) and different ratio of black garlic extract (65 Brix, 0.3-5.0%). Results: The salt content of the black garlic extract (0.3-5.0%) added soy sauce were 12.35-12.77%. The pH was lowered to 4.99, and acidity was increased to 2.12%, depending on the increase in black garlic extract added ratio. The crude protein and total nitrogen contents were 6.23-6.62% and 1.10-1.16%, respectively, and content of amino form nitrogen was 0.52-0.53%, without significant differences between experimental groups. Contents of reducing sugar and free sugars (fructose and glucose) tended to be higher with higher mixing ratios of black garlic extract. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids contents were significantly increased in the 3% and 5% black garlic extract addition group. At concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1,000 and $2,000{\mu}g/mL$, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity of the polysaccharides isolated from control soy sauce and 5% black garlic extract added soy sauce showed higher correlation with their concentration. Conclusion: These results, confirmed that the soy sauce produced by adding more than 3% of black garlic extract has high antioxidant activity.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.320-329
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• 2005

Polyamide membrane degradation by chlorine has been studied to improve membrane durability. In this study, it was found that the salt rejection was reduced rapidly and flux of the membrane was increased slowly far membrane treated under chlorine condition. In order to improve resistance to chlorine of the polyamide reverse osmosis membrane, fluorine-containing silane coupling agent (FSCA) was introduced to surface modification. Surface properties and chlorine resistance of silane modified membrane were compared with virgin membrane. It was found that the surface of silane modified membrane has dense structure according to FSCA concentration increasing. The results of surface analysis suggest that FSCA retrieved a severe change in the hydrophobicity and surface roughness. In addition, it appears that FSCA can enhance chlorine resistance due to the interaction of such substance with free radical chlorine.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2014

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Camellia oleifera seed oil were studied. Four kinds of seed oil samples were prepared, crude oil and refined oil, extracted by cold pressing method (CPC, CPR), and organic solvent extraction (OSC, OSR). Antioxidant activity analysis was measured in 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-diammonium salt, ferric reducing Ability of Plasma, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assays. Besides, the percentage of inhibition of red blood cells hemolysis induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidnopropane) dihydrochlorid, the lag time of LDL conjugated dienes formation in vitro, and the inhibitors of loss in tryptophan fluorescence were all used to estimate the antioxidant activity of the samples. The total phenolic contents (TPC) were detemined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. The TPC of the C. oleifera seed oils can be arranged in descending order: CPC ($1.9172{\mu}g/mL$) > OSC ($1.5218{\mu}g/mL$) > CPR ($1.0611{\mu}g/mL$) > OSR ($0.6782{\mu}g/mL$). And the oils were investigated for activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. The results showed the antioxidant activity of crude oil by cold pressing method was stronger than others, and all oils did inhibit activity of the top three bacteria expert A. niger. The further significance of the study contributes to measure the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the potential health benefits by the different methods of preparation and the oil of C. oleifera seeds acting as free radical scavenger, pharmaceuticals and preservatives may offer some information in medicine and cosmetic not just in food field.