• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.402-408
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• 2007

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the antioxidant activity of extruded ginseng in different extracted fractions. Each of the fractions obtained from extruded ginseng and ginseng (control) were extracted with 80% ethanol, and then the lipophilic components were removed with ether while the hydrophilic components were separated with water-saturated butanol. Each of the 80% ethanol/butanol/water layers were collected and evaporated to acquire samples for tests of saponin content and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of extruded ginseng fractions and ginseng fractions were determined via the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Overall, the extruded ginseng samples harbored saponin contents of 2.2 (Rg1), 2.3 (Re), 1.2 (Rc), 1.3 (Rb2), and 2.2 (Rd) times that measured in the ginseng prior to extrusion. Antioxidant capacity was also higher, not only in the 80% ethanol/butanol which harbor a significant quantity of saponin, but also in the water fractions, which harbor relatively low quantities of saponin as compared to the control samples. All three of the fractions extracted from extruded ginseng evidence significantly higher antioxidant capacity than the controls (0.05

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2000

Transition metal ions including $Se^{2+},\;Cd^{2+},\;Hg^{2+}\;or\;Mn^{2+}$ have been thought to disturb the bone metabolism directly. However, the mechanism for the bone lesion is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that MC3T3E1 osteoblasts, exposed to various transition metal ions; selenium, cadmium, mercury or manganese, generated massive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The released ROS were completely quenched by free radical scavengers-N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), or superoxide dismutase (SOD). First, we have observed that selenium $(10\;{\mu}M),$ cadmium $(100\;{\mu}M),$ mercury $(100\;{\mu}M)$ or manganese (1 mM) treatment induced apoptotic phenomena like DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and caspase-3-like cysteine protease activation in MC3T3E1 osteoblasts. Concomitant treatment of antioxidant; N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), reduced-form glutathione (GSH), or superoxide dismutase (SOD), prevented apoptosis induced by each of the transition metal ions. Catalase or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) has less potent inhibitory effect on the apoptosis, compared with NAC, GSH or SOD. In line with the results, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) stain shows that each of the transition metals is a potent source of free radicals in MC3T3E1 osteoblast. Our data show that oxidative damage is associated with the induction of apoptosis in MC3T3E1 osteoblasts following $Se^{2+},\;Cd^{2+},\;Hg^{2+}\;or\;Mn^{2+}$ treatment.

• Journal of Oriental Physiology
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• v.14 no.2 s.20
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• pp.199-208
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• 1999

As the average life span have been lengthened and the rate of senile population have been raised, chronic degenerative diseases incident to aging has been increased rapidly and become a social problem. With this social background, recently, the facts that oxygen radicals(OR) have toxic effects on Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System and cause neuropathy such as Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer Disease have been turned out, and accordingly lots of studies on the mechanism of the toxic effects of OR on nerves, the diseases caused by OR and the approaches to curing the diseases have been made. The purpose of this study is to examine the toxic effects caused by Glucose Oxidase(GO) and the effects of herbal extracts such as Chilbokyeum(CBY) on the treatment of the toxic effects. For this purpose, experiments with the cultured cell from the cerebrums of new born mice were done. The results of these experiments were as follows. 1. GO, a oxygen radical, decreased the survival rate of the cultured cells on NR assay and MTT assay 2. GO, a oxygen radical, increased lipid peroxidation and the amount of LDH. 3. CBY have efficacy of decreasing lipid peroxidation. 4. CBY have efficacy of decreasing the amount of LOH. From the above results, It is concluded that Chilbokyeum has marked efficacy as a treatment for the damages caused in the GO-mediated oxidative process. And Chilbokyeum is thought to have certain pharmacological effects on controlling over aging and treating Dementia. Further clinical study of this pharmacological effects of Chilbokyeum should be complemented.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 2010

Ultraviolet is the one of the main environmental factors promoting aging process via increased intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and molecules. Therefore, in this study, we tried to search for natural skin-protective antioxidant materials from marine origins (Porphyra Thalli, Laminariae japonicae thallus, Ostreae Concha, Sargassum Thallus, Undaria thallus, Haliotidis Concha, Codium thalli, Syngnathoides biaculeatus, Hippocampus, Stichopus Stichopus, Thalli, Hizikia fusiforme thalli) which exhibit free radical scavenging activity and protect against UVB-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative cell death. Free radical scavenging activity was shown in order of Undaria thallus. Sargassum Thallus, Laminariae japonicae thallus, Hippocampus, Haliotidis Concha, Ostreae Concha, Syngnathoides biacuJeatus. In another experiment, UVB-induced cytotoxicity and cell death were effectively suppressed by treatment of Sargassum Thallus, Haliotidis Concha, Codium thalli, or Hippocampus water extract. Furthermore, UVB-induced cell death was mediated by intracellular accumulation or ROS, which was significantly inhibited by treatment with aforementioned extracts. The protective effect of these marine natural products seemed to be mediated by increased expression of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and heme oxygenase-1. These results suggest that Sargassum Thallus, Haliotidis Concha, Codium thalli, and Hippocampus may have preventive and protective potentials as new functional cosmetics against oxidative stress-mediated skin damages and aging with antioxidant properties.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate antiaging and antioxidant effects on cultured human skin fibroblast with 80% ethanol extracts of plants including of stem of Dendropanax morbifera, Corni fructus and Lycii Fructus. Methods : An ethanol extract of three medicinal plants including stem of Dendropanax morbifera, Corni fructus and Lycii Fructus. Extracts were assessed to determine the mechanism of antioxidant and antiaging activities. Antioxidant activity of extract was evaluated by two different assays as 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and super oxide dismutase (SOD) like activities. These extracts were tested for cell viability on HS68 skin fibroblast by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. We investigated the effects of Ultraviolet-B irradiation on cytotoxicity, type 1 collagen, elastin level and oxidative damage in cultured human skin fibroblast (HS68). Recently, many studies have reported that elastin is also involved in inhibiting or repairing wrinkle formation, although collagen is a major factor in the skin wrinkle formation. Results : The extracts obtained dose-dependently increased the scavenging activity on DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD like activity. The extracts of complex herbal medicine showed low cytotoxicity as more than 100% cell viability in 100ppm/ml concentration. HS68 fibroblasts were survived 70% at 120 $mJ/cm^2$ UVB irradiation and treated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The levels of aging factors and cytotoxicity were decreased by ethanol extract of complex herbal medicine. Conclusions : These results suggest that ethanol extracts of complex medicinal plants of including of stem of Dendropanax morbifera, Corni fructus and Lycii Fructus may have value as the potential antioxidant and antiaging medicinal plant.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2020

Objective : The aim of present study was to clarify the effect of Areca Semen and Toosendan Fructus Mixture (AT-mix) on chronic reflux esophagitis (CRE) in rats. Methods : The antioxidant activity of AT-mix was measured through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities in vitro. CRE was induced in SD rats (5 weeks, male) by ligating the border forestomach and granular portion with 2-0 silk and the duodenum near the pyloric portion was covered with 2-mm wide piece of 18-Fr Nélaton catheter. And then rats were treated AT-mix 200 mg/kg one daily for 14 days. The anti-oxidant and inflammatory protein levels were evaluated using western blotting. Results : Gross lesion of esophageal mucosa after AT-mix treatment showed a superior enhancement compared with that of CRE control rats. AT-mix treatment strongly reduced both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (DPPH, IC₅₀ 8.15±0.14 ㎍/mL; ABTS, IC₅₀ 24.69±0.03 ㎍/mL, repspectively). Levels of the NADPH oxidase subunit including NOX4 and p22^phox increased in CRE control rats. Otherwise, AT-mix treatment significantly reduced. The activation of Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) led to significantly the up-regulation of HO-1. The inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation led to NF-κB inactivation. Subsequently, NF-κB inactivation significantly induced the decrease of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 protein expressions. Conclusion : Taken together, these results suggest that AT-mix treatment can attenuate the esophageal mucosal ulcer though inhibiting NF-κB pathway and enhancing Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Thus, the additional mechanism study about AT-mix would need for the development as a safe herbal therapy for CRE.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2022

This study sought to evaluate the mechanism of cellular injury caused by ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄) and the protective effects of Parnassia palustris L. (PP) extract against FeSO₄-induced cytotoxicity of cultured C6 glioma cells. FeSO₄ is known to cause neurotoxicity and induce Parkinson's disease. The antioxidative effects of PP, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like and superoxide anion-radical (SAR)-scavenging activities, as well as effects on cell viability, were studied. FeSO₄ significantly decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and the XTT₅₀ value, the concentration of FeSO₄ which reduced the cell viability by half, was measured at 63.3 μM in these cultures. FeSO₄ was estimated to be highly cytotoxic by the Borenfreund and Puerner toxicity criteria. Quercetin, an antioxidant, significantly improved cell viability, damaged by FeSO₄-induced cytotoxicity. While evaluating the protective effects of the PP extract on FeSO₄-induced cytotoxicity, it was observed that the extract significantly increased cell viability compared to the FeSO₄-treated group. Also, the PP extract showed superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like and superoxide anion radical (SAR)-scavenging activities. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that FeSO₄ induced oxidative stress-related cytotoxicity, and the PP extract effectively protected against this cytotoxicity via its antioxidative effects. In conclusion, natural antioxidant sources such as PP may be agents useful for preventing oxidative stress-related cytotoxicity induced by heavy metal compounds such as the FeSO₄, a known Parkinsonism inducer.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2007.12a
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• pp.57-58
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• 2007

Purpose: Ginseng is a well-known medical plant used in traditional Oriental medicine. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been known to have potent biological activities such as radical scavenging, vasodilating, anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activities. However, the mechanism of the beneficial effects of KRG on diabetes is yet to be elucidated. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-diabetic effect and mechanism of KRG extract in C57BL/KsJ db/db mice. Methods: The db/db mice were randomly divided into six groups: diabetic control group (DC), red ginseng extract low dose group (RGL, 100 mg/kg), red ginseng extract high dose group (RGH, 200 mg/kg), metformin group (MET, 300 mg/kg), glipizide group (GPZ, 15 mg/kg) and pioglitazone group (PIO, 30 mg/kg), and treated with drugs once per day for 10 weeks. During the experiment, body weight and blood glucose levels were measured once every week. At the end of treatment, we measured Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride (TG), adiponectin, leptin, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). Morphological analyses of liver, pancreas and white adipose tissue were done by histological observation through hematoxylin-eosin staining. Pancreatic islet insulin and glucagon levels were detected by double-immunofluorescence staining. To elucidate an action of mechanism of KRG, DNA microarray analyses were performed, and western blot and RT-PCR were conducted for validation. Results: Compared to the DC group mice, body weight gain of PIO treated group mice showed 15.2% increase, but the other group mice did not showed significant differences. Compared to the DC group, fasting blood glucose levels were decreased by 19.8% in RGL, 18.3% in RGH, 67.7% in MET, 52.3% in GPZ, 56.9% in PIO-treated group. With decreased plasma glucose levels, the insulin resistance index of the RGL-treated group was reduced by 27.7% compared to the DC group. Insulin resistance values for positive drugs were all markedly decreased by 80.8%, 41.1% and 68.9%, compared to that of DC group. HbA1c levels in RGL, RGH, MET, GPZ and PIO-treated groups were also decreased by 11.0%, 6.4%, 18.9%, 16.1% and 27.9% compared to that of DC group, and these figure revealed a similar trend shown in plasma glucose levels. Plasma TG and NEFA levels were decreased by 18.8% and 16.8%, respectively, and plasma adiponectin and leptin levels were increased by 20.6% and 12.1%, respectively, in the RGL-treated group compared to those in DC group. Histological analysis of the liver of mice treated with KRG revealed a significantly decreased number of lipid droplets compared to the DC group. The control mice exhibited definitive loss and degeneration of islet, whereas mice treated with KRG preserved islet architecture. Compared to the DC group mice, KRG resulted in significant reduction of adipocytes. From the pancreatic islet double-immunofluorescence staining, we observed KRG has increased insulin production, but decreased glucagon production. KRG treatment resulted in stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the db/db mice liver. To elucidate mechanism of action of KRG extract, microarray analysis was conducted in the liver tissue of mice treated with KRG extract, and results suggest that red ginseng affects on hepatic expression of genes responsible for glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. In summary, multiple administration of KRG showed the hypoglycemic activity and improved glucose tolerance. In addition, KRG increased glucose utilization and improved insulin sensitivity through inhibition of lipogenesis and activation of fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation in the liver tissue. In view of our present data, we may suggest that KRG could provide a solid basis for the development of new anti-diabetic drug.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.49-59
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• 2002

The main function of plastic materials in food packaging is to preserve a food for safe transportation and storage. The interactions between food and plastic materials in food packaging have become increasingly important for food quality and safety because monomer, low molecular weight components, or additives of plastic packaging materials can migrate into a food. The use of antioxidants in plastic materials can help protect the degradation of film itself and retard the oxidation of a packaged food containing lipid, through the migration of antioxidant from the packaging to a product via an evaporation / sorption mechanism. Nowadays, antioxidant (BHT) impregnated plastic materials are used for commercial food packaging application with the intention of achieving an extended shelf life of food in USA. Alpha tocopherol, as one of the most important free radical scavengers, has been well known in biological systems. Moreover, the potential use of alpha tocopherol as an additive for polymers used in the packaging industry may offer the most positive perception from both consumers and manufacturers. Alpha tocopherol has been used as an antioxidant for polyolefin resins fabricated to both bottles and film and has applications in the food packaging industry as a replacement for BHT. Today, alpha tocopherol offers an attractive choice for use as an antioxidant in polymers. This paper provides an overview of antioxidant effectiveness and applications for its use by the food packaging industry based on the evaporation-sorption mechanism of a packaging model product, where quality is associated with lipid oxidation. Important analytical techniques for predicting antioxidant interaction between the package system and product are discussed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.2 s.75
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• pp.259-265
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• 2006

This study is investigated the effect on mechanism of nephrotoxicity formation of methotrexate(MTX) by hyperglycemic by streptozotocin(STZ). MTX was injected daily at two doses of 3, 6 mg/kg for 1 week in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats. Activities of BUN, creatinine and LDH were significantly increased by treatment with MTX in STZ-induced diabetic group when compared to MTX treatment group in normal rats' Renal lipid peroxide content and activities of cytosolic enzyme were significantly increased in the treatment of MTX in diabetic group. The concentration of glutathione and glutathione biosynthesis enzymes were decreased by treatment with MTX in STZ-induced diabetic group. These results suggest that nephrotoxicity of MTX in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rat was caused by activation of renal metabolizing enzymes in cytosol and decrease of glutathione concentration.