• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 1997

Purpose : This study was tried to evaluate the Potential benefits of concurrent chemoradiation therapy (low dose daily cisplatin combined with split course radiation therapy) compared with conventional radiation therapy alone in stage III non-small cell lung cancer. The end points of analyses were response rate. overall survival, survival without locoregional failure, survival without distant metastasis, prognostic factors affecting survival and treatment related toxicities. Materials and Methods : Between April 1992 and March 1994, 32 patients who had stage III non-small cell lung cancer were treated with concurrent chemoradiation therapy. Radiation therapy for 2 weeks (300 cGy given 10 times up to 3000 cGy) followed by a 3 weeks rest period and then radiation therapy for 2 more weeks (250 cGy given 10 times up to 2500 cGy) was combined with $6mg/m^2$ of cisplatin. Follow-up period ranged from 13 months to 48 months with median of 24 months. Historical control group consisted of 32 patients who had stage III non-small cell lung cancer were received conventionally fractionated (daily 170-200 cGy) radiation therapy alone. Total radiation dose ranged from 5580 cGy to 7000 cGy with median of 5940 cGy. Follow-up Period ranged from 36 months to 105 months with median of 62 months. Result : Complete reponse rate was higher in chemoradiation therapy (CRT) group than radiation therapy (RT) group (18.8% vs. 6.3%, CRT group showed lower in-field failure rate compared with RT group(25% vs. 47%. The overall survival rate had no significant differences in between CRT group and RT group (17.5% vs. 9.4% at 2 years). The survival without locoregional failure (16.5% vs. 5.3% at 2 years) and survival without distant metastasis (17% vs. 4.6% at 2 years) also had no significant differences. In subgroup analyses for Patients with good performance status (Karnofsky performance scale 80), CRT group showed significantly higher overall survival rate compared with RT group (62.5% vs. 15.6% at 2 years). The prognostic factors affecting survival rate were performance status and pathologic subtype (squamous cell cancer vs. nonsquamous cell cancer) in CRT group. In RT alone group, performance status and stage (IIIa vs IIIb) were identified as a Prognostic factors. RTOG/EORTC grade 2-3 nausea and vomiting(22% vs 6% and bone marrow toxicities (25% vs. 15.6% were significantly higher in CRT group compared with RT alone group. The incidence of RTOG/EORTC grade 3-4 pulmonary toxicity had no significant differences in between CRT group and RT group (16% vs. 6%. The incidence of WHO grade 3-4 pulmonary fibrosis also had no significant differences in both group (38% vs. 25%. In analyses for relationship of field size and Pulmonary toxicity, the Patients who treated with field size beyond 200cm2 had significantly higher rates of pulmonary toxicities. Conclusion : The CRT group showed significantly higher local control rate than RT group. There were no significant differences of survival rate in between two groups. The subgroup of patients who had good performance status showed higher overall survival rate in CRT group than RT group. In spite of higher incidence of acute toxicities with concurrent chemoradiation therapy, the survival gain in subgroup of patients with good performance status were encouraging. CRT group showed higher rate of early death within 1 year, higher 2 year survival rate compared with RT group Therefore, to evaluate the accurate effect on survival of concurrent chemoradiation therapy, systematic follow-up for long term survivors are needed.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2000

Purpose : This study was carried out to investigate the effect of irradiation on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and apoptosis induction during the carcinogenesis in hamster buccal pouch. Materials and methods: Three months old Syrian golden hamsters were divided into control and 2 experimental groups. Hamsters in control group were left untreated on buccal pouchs. Twenty four hamsters were treated with 0.5% DMBA tri-weekly on the right buccal pouch. Forty eight hamsters were treated with 0.5% DMBA tri-weekly and irradiated with the dose of 5 Gy and 10 Gy at 6, 9, 12, 15 weeks after DMBA application. Resected buccal pouches were sectioned and examined for potential expression pattern of PCNA and apoptosis. Results : The PCNA index was increased with the stages of buccal pouch epithelium carcinogenesis except the hyperplasia stage in control group (p<0.05). The irradiation did not effect on the PCNA index in the dysplasia and the carcinoma in situ stage, but in the hyperplasia stage, the PCNA index was increased with 10 Gy radiation and decreased in the carcinoma stage (p<0.05). The apoptotic index was significantly decreased from the carcinoma in situ stage and the lowest in the carcinoma stage. The apoptotic index was significantly decreased in the hyperplasia and dysplasia stage with the 5 Gy irradiation and significantly increased only in the carcinoma stage with the 10 Gy irradiation (p<0.05). Conclusion: The PCNA and apoptotic index were varied according to the irradiation period and dosage in each carcinogenesis stage.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.791-798
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• 2005

The hepatoprotective activity of flavonol glycosides rich fraction (F-2), prepared from 70% alcohol extract of the aerial parts of V calcarata Desf., was evaluated in a rat model with a liver injury induced by daily oral administration of $CCl_4$ (100 mg/kg, b.w) for four weeks. Treatment of the animals with F-2 using a dose of (25 mg/kg, b.w) during the induction of hepatic damage by $CCl_4$ significantly reduced the indices of liver injuries. The hepatoprotective effects of F-2 significantly reduced the elevated levels of the following serum enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The antioxidant activity of F-2 markedly ameliorated the antioxidant parameters including glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), plasma catalase (CAT) and packed erythrocytes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) to be comparable with normal control levels. In addition, it normalized liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and creatinine concentration. Chromatographic purification of F-2 resulted in the isolation of two flavonol glycosides that rarely occur in the plant kingdom, identified as quercetin-3,5-di-O-$\beta$-D-diglucoside (5) and kaempferol-3,5-di-O-$\beta$-D-diglucoside (4) in addition to the three known compounds identified as quercetin-3-O-$\alpha$-L-rhamnosyl- (${\rightarrow}6$)-$\beta$-D-glucoside [rutin, 3], quercetin-3-O-$\beta$-D-glucoside [isoquercitrin, 2] and kaempferol-3-O-$\beta$-D-glucoside [astragalin, 1]. These compounds were identified based on interpretation of their physical, chemical, and spectral data. Moreover, the spectrophotometric estimation of the flavonoids content revealed that the aerial parts of the plant contain an appreciable amount of flavonoids (0.89%) calculated as rutin. The data obtained from this study revealed that the flavonol glycosides of F-2 protect the rat liver from hepatic damage induced by $CCl_4$ through inhibition of lipid peroxidation caused by $CCl_4$ reactive free radicals.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2001

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether radiation adaptive response could be induced by high dose I-131 therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Materials and Methods: Lymphocytes from 21 patients (7 males, 14 females, mean age $55{\pm}12$ years) were collected before and after administration of 5,550 MBq (150 mCi) I-131. They were exposed to a challenge dose of 1 Gy gamma rays using a Cs-137 cell irradiator. The number of ring-form (R) and dicentric (D) chromosomes was counted under the light microscope, and used to calculate the frequency of chromosomal aberration. Ydr, which was defined as the sum of R and D divided by the total number of counted lymphocytes. Results: Ydr in patients before I-131 therapy ($0.09{\pm}0.01$) was not different from that of controls ($0.08{\pm}0.01$). Ydr was significantly increased to $0.13{\pm}0.02$ (p<0.0001) after I-131 therapy. Increase of Ydr after the challenge irradiation of 1 Gy was significantly lower in patients after I-131 therapy than before I-131 therapy ($0.17{\pm}0.03\;vs\;0.21{\pm}0.02$, p<0.0001). Cycloheximide (CHM), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, abolished this effect. Ydr after CHM ($0.20{\pm}0.01$) was significantly higher than Ydr after I-131 therapy ($0.17{\pm}0.03$, p<0.0001), but was not different from Ydr before I-131 therapy ($0.21{\pm}0.02$).Conclusion: High dose I-131 therapy induces an adaptive response in peripheral lymphocytes of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer, which is associated with protein synthesis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.137-145
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• 2014

The protective effects of Red Ginseng on liver damage induced by linac X-ray and paraquat were investigated. To one group of ICR male mice were given in Red Ginseng(200mg/kg/day for 7days, orally) before 5Gy(1.01Gy/min) dose of linac X-ray irradiation. To another group were given in Red Ginseng (200mg/kg/day for 7days, orally) before paraquat(30mg/kg/day, orally) was Radiation irradiation group were given with saline(0.1ml) and 5Gy. Contrast group were given with saline(0.1ml). The levels of H2O2, catalase and MDA in liver tissue were measured. In Red Ginseng to paraquat(RG+PQ) group and Red Ginseng(RG+Rad) group than irradiation group(Rad), the catalase level were significantly increased, and the catalase levels were appeared at radiation protection. The Red Ginseng was significantly decreased to MDA and H2O2 level to paraquat(RG+PQ) group and Red Ginseng(RG+Rad) group than irradiation group(Rad). Therefore, Red Ginseng was very excellent protector on radiation and paraquat of liver in mice.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.131-142
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• 1999

By using the Korean demographic data and the modified relative risk projection model given in the Committee on the Biological Effect of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) report-V under the U.S. National Academy of Science, the radiogenic excess risk in Korean population has been evaluated. On the basis of this risk, a safety goal for the safe operation of domestic nuclear power plants has been further derived in terms of personal dose. The baseline risk of death due to all causes in Korea and the trivial risk level, which the society considers safe, were estimated to be $5.2{\times}10^{-3}$ and $5.2{\times}10^{-6}$, respectively. The radiogenic excess cancer risk in Korea has been estimated to be $5.2{\times}10^{-3}$ for tie case of acute exposure to 0.1 Gy and $3.7{\times}10^{-3}$ for the case of chronic lifetime exposure to 1.0 mGy/y. On the basis of these risks estimate, the resulting safety goal for one year opeation of a reactor was 0.05 mSv, which is quite identical with the ALARA guideline prescribed by the USNRC in the Appendix I, 10CFR50.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.574-579
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• 2008

To develop a yogurt for sensitive consumer such as infants, children or immuno-compromised patients using gamma irradiation, the effects of gamma irradiation on the microbiological, chemical, and sensory quality in a commercial plain yogurt were investigated. No viable coliform bacteria were detected in the sample and approximately a 6 decimal reduction was achieved in the number of total aerobic bacteria by irradiation at 5 kGy. The initial population of lactic acid bacteria observed in the commercial plain yogurt was 8.95 log CFU/g. Gamma irradiation significantly reduced the initial microbial level to 6.47 and 2.85 log CFU/g after irradiation at 1 and 3 kGy, respectively (p<0.05). However, irradiation dose up to 5 kGy could not completely eliminate the lactic acid bacteria in commercial plain yogurt. pH, color, lactose and lactic acid content, and sensory quality were not affected by irradiation treatment and storage. Our results suggest that irradiation can improve the microbial quality of commercial plain yogurt without impairing the physicochemical and sensory quality.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.338-344
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• 2001

The effect of gamma-irradiation on the microbiological and general qualities of Kanjang (fermented soy sauce, Korean type) and Shoyu (fermented soy sauce, Japanese type) was studied. Samples were prepared, irradiated at 5, 10 and 20 kGy, and then stored at $25^{\circ}C$ for 18 weeks. The results showed that the Bacillus spp. was inactivated by 3 log cycles with the irradiation dose of 10 kGy and the number of Bacillus cells that survived from 10 to 20 kGy of gamma irradiation was decreased gradually during storage. Yeasts and Lactobacillus were nearly eliminated at 5 to 10 kGy of irradiation. The $D_{10}$ values of Bacillus, yeast and Lactobacillus in Shoyu were 2.67 kGy, 0.81 kGy and 1.30 kGy, in Kanjang were 2.75 kGy, 0.99 kGy and 1.47 kGy, respectively. The general quality of gamma irradiated Shoyu and Kanjang, such as total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, protease activity and pH were more stable than that of control during storage periods. Decolorization was observed just after irradiation, but the color was recovered during storage. The sensory evaluations showed that irradiated samples were more acceptable. Therefore, it was considered that gamma irradiation was effective for maintaining better quality of Shoyu and Kanjang during storage.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.155-164
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• 2009

In this paper, we used computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) software with several models for the simulation of a TL glow curve which was used for analysis. By using the general approximation plus model, parameters values of the glow curve were analyzed and compared with the other models parameters (general approximation, mixed order kinetics, general order kinetics). The LiF:Mg,Cu,Si and the LiF:Mg,Cu,P material were used for the glow curve analysis. And we based on figure of merits (FOM) which was the goodness of the fitting that was monitored through the value between analysis model and TLD materials. The ideal value of FOM is 0 which represents a perfect fit. The main glow peak makes the most effect of radiation dose assessment of TLD materials. The main peak of the LiF:Mg,Cu,Si materials has a intensity rate 80.76% of the whole TL glow intensity, and that of LiF:Mg,Cu,P materials has a intensity rate 68.07% of the whole TL glow intensity. The activation energy of LiF:Mg,Cu,Si was analyzed as 2.39 eV by result of the general approximation plus(GAP) model. In the case of mixed order kinetics (MOK), the activation energy was analyzed as 2.29 eV. The activation energy was analyzed as 2.38 eV by the general order kinetics (GOK) model. In the case of LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLD, the activation energy was analyzed as 2.39 eV by result of the GAP model. In the case of MOK, the activation energy was analyzed as 2.55 eV. The activation energy was analyzed as 2.51 eV by the GOK model. The R value means different ratio of retrapping-recombination. The R value of LiF:Mg,Cu,Si TLD main peak analyzed as $1.12\times10^{-6}$ and $\alpha$ value analyzed as $1.0\times10^{-3}$. The R of LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLD analyzed as $7.91\times10^{-4}$, the $\alpha$ value means different ratio of initial thermally trapped electron density-initial trapped electron density (include thermally disconnected trap electrons density). The $\alpha$ value was analyzed as $9.17\times10^{-1}$ which was the difference from LiF:Mg,Cu,Si TLD. The deep trap electron density of LiF:Mg,Cu,Si was higher than the deep trap electron density of LiF:Mg,Cu,P.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.269-277
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• 1989

CNS prophylaxis with 18 or 24 Gy cranial irradiation plus intrathecal methotrexate was given to 134 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients who had got bone marrow remission (M1) after remission induction chemotherapy from August 1979 to December 1986. The rate of initial total CNS relapse was 14.2% (19/134), the rate of isolated CNS relapse was 5.2% (7/134), and the rate of CNS relapse concomittantly combined with bone marrow relapse or testicular relapse was 9% (12/134). Male sex or older age was accociated with higher CNS relapes and the initial peripheral leukocyte count over 50,000/ul had higher relapse rate. Relapse with radiation dose of 18Gy was somewhat lower than that with 24Gy. Within 4 years after CNS prophylaxis occurred 89% of the total CNS relapses, 100% of the isolated CNS relapses, and 83% of the combined CNS relapses. Adjusted to exposed cases to risk of CNS relapse, the total CNS relapse rate was 11.9% during maintenance chemotherapy and 4.9% after maintenance chemotherapy.