• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2013

In this study, one of the main aims is to build up a technical foundation for promoting the cadastral resurvey effectively and to improve the accuracy of cadastral surveying is to make use of precise surveying techniques in allowance of position errors as reference accuracy in cadastral resurvey, which is proper to obtain the sufficient accuracy of the cadastral control points, and parcel boundary points by introducing the GNSS-based surveying techniques on cadastral survey. In detail, the existing procedures and outcomes of cadastral survey were compared and analyzed for suggesting a better survey technique than that of the other techniques in a variety of aspects of capability of cadastral survey. The new skills and supports could be upmost importance when doing cadastral survey. What's more, essentially, 'The Measurement Department' makes all the efforts to establish 'The Surveying Regulations'. This could possibly apply GNSS-based surveying technique to the cadastral resurvey for the foreseeable future and this research paper suggested that how to improve absolute accuracy of cadastral reference points by means of putting to use the appropriate models of measurement further.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2022

Barometers have been used to calculate altitude, and with the development of technology, barometer which had a large volume have now been reduced to about centimeter-level. The altitude calculation using barometer is proceeded using the relationship between reference sea level pressure and the pressure obtained by barometer, and for this, pre-calibration of the barometer is essential. In addition, the barometer has a certain level of bias from actual pressure due to production, and many smartphone manufacturers correct it during the manufacturing process, but it is difficult to correct errors caused by environmental variables. In this paper, we extended methodology of correcting barometer using static reference station to moving drone, and it was possible to calculate the altitude more accurately.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.4D
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• pp.579-586
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• 2008

In this study, it was evaluated that the 3D tracking accuracy of basketball zone track line by real time GNSS satellite positioning methods which are VRS (Virtual Reference System), DGPS (Marine Differential GPS) and PP (Point Positioning) methods. The results of comparison between three methods over horizontal track of basketball zone, VRS, DGPS and PP methods showed ${\pm}$ several cm, ${\pm}$ m, and ${\pm}$ 2m horizontal position accuracy compared with real size respectively. And also, the grade and height deviation of the checking points on basketball zone by VRS method is very similar to the real grade and height, but results by DGPS and PP methods showed big variation and deviation in each case. We expected that VRS method using GNSS reference network will be a very useful tool compared with single based RTK method in real time accurate positioning such as precision construction fields, especially.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.139-151
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• 2018

The National Base Map construction consists of the regular correction work of dividing the whole country into two regions and carrying out the modification Plotting by aerial photographs every two years as well as the real time updating work of correcting the major change feature within two weeks by the field survey and the As-Built Drawing. In the case of the Building Layout Drawing of Korea Real estate Administration intelligence System(KRAS) used for real time updating work of the National base map, the coordinate transformation error is included in the positional error when applied to the National Base Map based on the World Geodetic Reference System as the coordinate system based on the Regional Geodetic Reference System. In addition, National Base Map is registered based on the outline(eaves line) of the building in the Digital Topographic Map, and the Cadastral and Architecture are registered based on the building center line. Therefore, the Building Object management standard is inconsistent. In order to investigate the improvement method, the network RTK survey was conducted directly on a location of the Building Layout Drawing of Korea Real estate Administration intelligence System(KRAS) and the problems were analyzed by comparing with the plane plotting position reference in National Base Map. In the case of the general structure with the difference on the Building center line and the eaves line, beside the location information was different also the difference in the ratio of the building object was different between Building center line and the eave. In conclusion, it is necessary to provide the Base data of the double layer of the Building center line and the outline of the building(eaves line) in order to utilize the Building Layout Drawing of Korea Real estate Administration intelligence System(KRAS). In addition, it is necessary to study an organic map update process that can acquire the up-to-dateness and the accuracy at the same time.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2005

The main purpose of this paper is to describe a highly efficient common mid-point (CMP) data acquisition method for ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveying, which is intended to widen the application of GPR. The most important innovation to increase the efficiency of CMP data acquisition is continuous monitoring of the GPR antenna positions, using a real-time kinematic Global Positioning System (RTK-GPS). Survey time efficiency is improved because the automatic antenna locating system that we propose frees us from the most time-consuming process-deployment of the antenna at specified positions. Numerical experiments predicted that the data density and the CMP fold would be increased by the increased efficiency of data acquisition, which results in improved signal-to-noise ratios in the resulting data. A field experiment confirmed this hypothesis. The proposed method makes GPR surveys using CMP method more practical and popular. Furthermore, the method has the potential to supply detailed groundwater information. This is because we can convert the spatially dense dielectric constant distribution, obtained by using the CMP method we describe, into a dense physical value distribution that is closely related to such groundwater properties as water saturation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.136-150
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• 2022

In this study, a comparative review was conducted on how to use RGB images to obtain river topographic information, which is one of the most essential data for eco-friendly river management and flood level analysis. In terms of the topographic information of river zone, to obtain the topographic information of flow section is one of the difficult topic, therefore, this study focused on estimating the river topographic information of flow section through RGB images. For this study, the river topography surveying was directly conducted using ADCP and RTK-GPS, and at the same time, and orthomosiac image were created using high-resolution images obtained by drone photography. And then, the existing developed regression equations were applied to the result of channel topography surveying by ADCP and the band values of the RGB images, and the channel bathymetry in the study area was estimated using the regression equation that showed the best predictability. In addition, CCHE2D flow modeling was simulated to perform comparative verification of the topographical informations. The modeling result with the image-based topographical information provided better water depth and current velocity simulation results, when it compared to the directly measured topographical information for which measurement of the sub-section was not performed. It is concluded that river topographic information could be obtained from RGB images, and if additional research was conducted, it could be used as a method of obtaining efficient river topographic information for river management.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2022.11a
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• pp.884-886
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• 2022

본 논문에서는 GPS 기반의 자율주행 군사로봇에 사용된 각종 센서들의 융합(Sensor Fusion)에 대하여 다루고 있다. GPS 를 통한 자율주행의 경우 GPS 의 성능에 따라 정확도 차이는 있으나 특별한 지형지물 없이 로봇의 현재 위치를 파악할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 하지만 GPS 만 이용하여 자율주행 알고리즘을 구성하는 경우 로봇의 진행 방향을 특정하지 못한다는 문제점이 발생한다. 이를 해결하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 RTK GPS 와 Lidar, IMU 센서를 ROS 환경에서 Robot_Localization 과 EKF(Extended Kalman Filter)를 이용하여 융합하는 방법에 대하여 다루었다.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.23-24
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• 2014

NGII (National Geographic Information Institute) has been providing VRS (Virtual Reference Station) service so that could determine precise positioning in real time since 2007. However, since the VRS service has to maintain the connected status with VRS server, the number of users who can use VRS service are limited by capacity of VRS server. To solve this problem, NGII has been providing FKP (Virtual Reference Station) service using one way telecommunication from November 1, 2012. Therefore, it is predicted that the usage of FKP service will increase in public surveying and cadastral resurveying in the future. However, the studies with respect to analysis of FKP precision for applying to public surveying and cadastral resurveying is not conducted enough. In this study, to analyse the application possibility of FKP on the public surveying and cadastral resurveying, the two kind analysis were performed. First is the analysis of accuracy according to the configuration of reference station of FKP and VRS. One is consisted of same reference stations, another is consisted of different reference stations. Second is the accuracy anlalysis of horizontal and vertical positioning acquiring VRS and FKP data in various measurement environment based on VRS regulation. Result of first study, Positioning accuracy according to the configuration of the reference stations satisfies related regulation. However, accuracy of FKP in case of different reference stations is worse than in case of same reference stations.. The result of second test shows that the horizontal precision of FKP and VRS in good measurement environment satisfy the allowed precision. However, in some case, horizontal precision of FKP and VRS in poor measurement environment exceed the allowed precision. In addition, the number of exceeding the allowed precision in the FKP is more than the VRS. The vertical precision of the VRS satisfy related work provision. In conclusion, the result of this study shows that the FKP only in open area should be used for public survey and cadastral resurvey. Therefore the additional studies with respect to the improvement of FKP precision should be conducted.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_3
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• pp.1013-1025
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• 2020

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platform is being widely used in disaster monitoring and smart city, having the advantage of being able to quickly acquire images in small areas at a low cost. Ground Control Points (GCPs) for positioning UAV images are essential to acquire cm-level accuracy when producing UAV-based orthoimages and Digital Surface Model (DSM). However, the on-site acquisition of GCPs takes considerable manpower and time. This research aims to provide an efficient and accurate way to replace the on-site GNSS surveying with three different sources of geospatial data. The three geospatial data used in this study is as follows; 1) 25 cm aerial orthoimages, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) based on 1:1000 digital topographic map, 2) point cloud data acquired by Mobile Mapping System (MMS), and 3) hybrid point cloud data created by merging MMS data with UAV data. For each dataset a three-dimensional positional accuracy analysis of UAV-based orthoimage and DSM was performed by comparing differences in three-dimensional coordinates of independent check point obtained with those of the RTK-GNSS survey. The result shows the third case, in which MMS data and UAV data combined, to be the most accurate, showing an RMSE accuracy of 8.9 cm in horizontal and 24.5 cm in vertical, respectively. In addition, it has been shown that the distribution of geospatial GCPs has more sensitive on the vertical accuracy than on horizontal accuracy.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.74-74
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• 2019

수문조사를 통한 유량자료는 물의 이수, 치수, 환경 등 홍수피해 방지, 수자원의 관리 및 계획을 위한 기초자료로 이용되고 있다. 하지만 예산, 인력, 안전 및 하천공사 등의 문제로 매년 모든 지점에서 유량 측정을 실시하지 못하는 어려움이 있다. 특히 홍수기의 태풍 등 큰 호우사상 발생 시 수위-유량관계 변화 검토가 필요하지만 홍수기 계획지점 이외 지점에서 측정은 위와 같은 문제로 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이런 문제점을 개선하기 위해 최소 인력이 단시간 간편하게 드론을 활용하여 유량을 측정할 수 있는 방법을 도입하였다. 드론을 활용한 유량측정방법은 드론 사진측량 개념에서 접근하였으며 드론 사진측량의 정확도는 다양한 분야에서 많은 연구를 통해 입증된 바가 있다. 본 연구의 대상지점은 중랑천 상류에 위치한 의정부시(신곡교) 지점에서 보급형 회전익 드론 (DJI, 팬텀4 pro)을 활용하여 검증 목적을 위해 측정하였다. 유량측정은 드론으로 촬영된 항공사진 상에서 지상에 위치확인 가능한 지상기준점(GCP, Ground Control Point) 4개점을 선점하고 RTK-VRS 장비를 이용하여 측량을 수행하였다. 항공사진 촬영은 드론을 일정높이의 공중에 정지되어 있는 호버링(Hovering) 상태에서 카메라 타임랩스 기능으로 3초 간격 하도 내 수표면을 촬영하였다. 항공사진 수표면에 유하하는 부유물의 3초 간격 이동위치와 GCP 자료를 활용하여 X, Y 좌표 분석을 통해 3초간 이동거리를 표면유속으로 산정하고 통수단면적을 적용하여 유량을 산정하였다. 이와 같이 드론 사진측량으로 산정된 유량과 일반적인 유량측정 방법을 통해 개발된 수위-유량관계곡선식과의 비교를 통해 드론을 활용한 유량측정 방법의 적용성을 확인하였다. 다만, 드론이라는 기계적인 장비의 한계로 야간, 바람 및 강우 등 환경적인 요인에 의해 측정의 제한이 있을 것으로 판단된다.