• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.427-433
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• 1998

In brain hypoxic-ischemia, an excess release of glutamate and a marked production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occur in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. The present study investigated the effect of the biological antioxidants dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) and lipoic acid (LA) on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and ROS-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons. DHLA enhanced NMDA-evoked rises in intracellular calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$). In contrast, LA did not alter the NMDA-evoked calcium responses but decreased after a brief treatment of dithiothreitol (DTT), which possesses a strong reducing potential. Despite the modulation of NMDA receptor-mediated rises in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, neither DHLA nor LA altered the NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity, as assessed by measuring the amount of lactate dehydrogenase released from dead or injured cells. DHLA, but not LA, prevented the neurotoxicity induced by xanthine/xanthine oxidase-generated superoxide radicals. Both DHLA and LA decreased the glutathione depletion-induced neurotoxicity. The present data may indicate that biological antioxidants DHLA and LA protect neurons from ischemic injuries via scavenging oxygen free radicals rather than modulating the redox modulatory site(s) of NMDA receptor.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2014

This study evaluated the influence of cooking methods (blanching, pan-frying, and microwaving) on the antioxidant activity of Ligularia fischeri (LF) using myoglobin methods against five different reactive oxygen species (ROS) (i.e., 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hypochlorite ions, hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrite ions). With respect to DPPH scavenging activity, the antioxidant activities of blanched LF and pan-fried LF were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fresh LF for all cooking times. Pan-fried LF and microwaved LF showed higher antioxidant activities against hydroxyl radicals and peroxyl radicals than uncooked LF, while the protective effect of blanched LF was low, except for the at the 3 min cooking time point. Microwaved LF showed high antioxidant activity against all ROS at the 2 min cooking time point. Interestingly, LF that had been microwaved for 2 min and 3 min had high antioxidant values, whereas blanched LF and pan-fried LF had low antioxidant values. The activities of cooked LF against five different ROS were characterized comprehensively by 5-axe cobweb charts.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2022

Tacrolimus, a type of macrolide produced by Streptomyces tsukubaensis, is widely used as an immunosuppressant. However, continuous exposure to tacrolimus causes oxidative stress in normal cells, ultimately inducing cell injury. Therefore, this study investigated whether luthione, a reduced glutathione, could inhibit tacrolimus-induced cytotoxicity in olive flounder (hirame) natural embryo (HINAE) cells. According to the results, luthione significantly inhibited tacrolimus-induced reduction in cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Additinally, although luthione unaffected autophagy by tacrolimus, tacrolimus-induced apoptosis was significantly suppressed in the presence of luthione. Luthione also markedly blocked DNA damage in tacrolimus-treated HINAE cells, associated with the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Additionally, tacrolimus cytotoxicity in HINAE cells was correlated with increased inflammatory response, also attenuated by luthione. Collectively, these results show that at least luthione protects HINAE cells against tacrolimus-induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and inflammation, but not autophagy, by scavenging ROS. Although additional in-vivo studies are required, this study's results can be used as a basis for utilizing luthione to reduce the toxicity of fish cells caused by excessive immune responses.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2003

Objectives : Peroxynitrite($ONOO^-$), formed from the reaction of $O2^-$ and NO, is a cytotoxic species that can oxidize several cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. It has been involved in the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate scavenging activities of $ONOO^-$ and its precursors, NO and $O_{2^-}$ and its scavenging mechanism of Zingiberis Rhizoma (ZR). Methods : To investigate scavenging activities of $ONOO^-,\;NO,\;O_{2^-}$ and its scavenging mechanism, we used fluorescent probes like DCFDA, DAF-2 and DHR 123. The $ONOO^-$ scavenging activity on ZR was assayed by measuring oxidized dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) by fluorometry. The scavenging efficacy was expressed as IC50, showing the concentration of each sample that is required to cause 50% inhibition of DHR 123 oxidation. In a separate study, the protective effect of ZR on $ONOO^-$-induced nitration of bovine serum albumin was investigated through immuno-assay with a monoclonal anti-nitryrosine antibody, and a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody from sheep. Results : ZR markedly scavenged authentic $ONOO^-,\;O_{2^-}$ and NO. It also inhibited $ONOO^-$ induced by $O_{2^-}$ and NO which are derived from SIN-1. The data demonstrated that ZR led to decreased $ONOO^-$ mediated nitration of tyrosine through electron donation. It also inhibited the nitration of bovine serum albumin induced by $ONOO^-$ in a dose-dependent manner. Furtheremore, it blocked LPS-induced ROS and RNS generation. Conclusions : These results suggest that ZR can be developed as an effective $ONOO^-$ scavenger for the prevention of aging process and age-related diseases.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.391-400
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• 2018

Background: Atractylodes radix is a well-known medicinal crop having many physiological effects. This study was conducted to select useful Atractylodes japonica ${\times}$ Atractylodes macrocephala (AJM) cultivars by comparing anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory efficacies. Methods and Results: Seven extracts from AJM cultivars were used to treat lipopolysacchride (LPS)-treated BV2 cells, and the effects on cell viability and inhibition on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production were analyzed. In vitro scavenging activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and peroxynitrite ($NOO^-$) radicals were also investigated. Contents of total phenol, atractylenolide I, and atractylenolide III in the AJM extracts were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or spectrophotometry. The experiments show that none of the seven extracts was cytotoxic above 89.2% at $20-250{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Extracts of Gowon, Dawon, Sangchul, and Huchul inhibited ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner, and Sangchul extract showed the highest inhibition on ROS production. All the AJM extracts showed effective inhibitory activity after on NO release in the LPS-treated BV2 cells, and Sangchul extract showed the highest activity. Sangchul extract had the most potent scavenging activities for $NOO^-$ and had some DPPH radical scavenging effect. Sangchul extract also had the highest content at total phenol and atractylenolide I content. Atractylenolide III was not detected in the AJM extracts. Conclusions: The results suggested that Sangchul was the most useful anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory resource among the AJM cultivars.

• ALGAE
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.313-323
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• 2015

Lipid peroxidation means the oxidative degradation of lipids. The process from the cell membrane lipids in an organism is generated by free radicals, and result in cell damage. Phlorotannins, well-known marine brown algal polyphenols, have been utilized in functional food supplements as well as in medicine supplements to serve a variety of purposes. In this study, we assessed the potential anti-lipid peroxidation activity of phlorofucofuroeckol-A (PFF-A), one of the phlorotannins, isolated from Ecklonia cava by centrifugal partition chromatography in 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-stimulated Vero cells and zebrafish system. PFF-A showed the strongest scavenging activity against alkyl radicals of all other reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibited a strong protective effect against ROS and a significantly strong inhibited of malondialdehyde in AAPH-stimulated Vero cells. The apoptotic bodies and pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3, which were induced by AAPH, were strongly inhibited by PFF-A in a dose-dependent manner and expression of Bcl-xL, an anti-apoptotic protein, was induced. In the AAPH-stimulated zebrafish model, additionally PFF-A significantly inhibited ROS and cell death, as well as exhibited a strong protective effect against lipid peroxidation. Therefore, these results suggest that PFF-A has excellent protective effects against ROS and lipid peroxidation induced by AAPH in both an in vitro Vero cell model and an in vivo zebrafish model.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.568-576
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• 2017

As interest in functionality and environmentally friendly cosmetics is growing in recent years, materials that use safe and effective plant extracts have been developed. Therefore, this study also attempted to check the possibility of the graviola extract, which is known to have various efficacy mainly as a health functional material as a functional cosmetic material. In order to find out the antioxidant activity of graviola, we measured total polyphenol, total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity and measured the ROS activity inhibition effect and cytoprotective effect on oxidative stress by treating HDF with hydrogen peroxide cells at an appropriate concentration after checking cytotoxicity in HDF cells. Based on the results of this experiment, the graviola extract was found to contain as high as 26.6 mg(CA)/100g, 14.3 mg(Q)/100g of total polyphenol and flavonoid, which are the antioxidant indexes and to have the high radical scavenging activity. The cell survival rate of the HDF cells was measured, and as a result, no significant cytotoxicity was observed at all concentrations and the experiment was carried out at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$ afterwards. Inhibition of ROS activity in HDF cells induced by hydrogen peroxide was measured and the concentration-dependent inhibition of ROS activity was found and the cell protection effect of graviola was measured after hydrogen peroxide was treated for 4, 24 and 48 hours. As a result, the cell protection effect as high as 89.92% was confirmed at a $25{\mu}g/mL$ concentration up to 24 hours. As these results show that the graviola extract has excellent antioxidant activity, almost no toxicity to HDF cells, an effective activity inhibitory effect on active oxygen generated by hydrogen peroxide and excellent cytoprotective effect, the possibility as various functional materials with antioxidant and cytoprotective effects was confirmed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2010

In this study, the anti-oxidative effects and components of sprout serum were investigated. In the buds, high levels of zinc, iron and manganese were analyzed in addition to copper, magnesium, and potassium. The free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity of sprout serum was evaluated with $IC_{50}$. $IC_{50}$ of sprout serum was $58.0\;mgmL^{-1}$, and that of vitamin C was $3.7\;mgmL^{-1}$. In the test of superoxide scavenging activity of sprout serum, the activity was dependent on the concentration of serum. In this case, the $IC_{50}$ was 2.0 wt%. Cell viability was detected by using the MTT method. Cultured human fibroblast was treated with 15 mM $H_2O_2$ and cell viability was 70% in case of control. However, the effect of treating 0.5% of sprout serum was similar to that of 0.0001% of vitamin C.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2016

To investigate the effect of peanut sprout extract on skin care, we measured anti-oxidant activity and whitening action. As a result of measuring DPPH radical scavenging activity to examine independent anti-oxidation of peanut sprout extract, there was strongly scavenging activity. Fluorescent material DCF-DA was used to measure hydrogen peroxide created in RAW 264.7 cells, and all concentration dependently decreased ROS production. As a result of measuring nitric oxide to examine anti-inflammation of peanut sprout extract, there was strongly inhibited nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. Tyrosinase activation was found to inhibited dose-dependant. Melanin production was also prevented dose-dependant. Therefore, it is expected to be used effectively in development of functional cosmetic materials.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.114-121
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• 2019

In this study, antioxidative, antibacterial and cytoprotective effects of the ethanol extract and ethylacetate fraction of Lycopus lucidus (L. lucidus) were compared and analyzed. Free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of the L. lucidus extract and fraction were found to be 65.1 and $64.9{\mu}g/mL$ respectively. In the $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) for the extract and fraction were 6.6 and $6.3{\mu}g/mL$, respectively which showed excellent total antioxidant abilities. The extract showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, while the fraction showed in all the bacteria except for A. niger. The cytoprotective effect of L. lucidus extract was compared to that of the fraction and the effect against $^1O_2$-induced cellular damage of human erythrocytes (${\tau}_{50}$) was 51.3 and 73.7 min at $50{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. For the cytoprotective effect of keratinocytes damaged by $H_2O_2$ and UVB, the extracts did not show any efficacy but showed efficacy at $1-2{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The fraction increased the cell viability up to 85.8 and 81.9%, respectively. As a result of intracellular ROS scavenging activity, the scavenging activity was observed at $1-2{\mu}g/mL$ of the fraction. From the results comparing the physiological activities of L. lucidus extract and the fraction, the ethylacetate fraction of L. lucidus has antioxidative effect similar to that of the extract whereas superior antimicrobial and cytoprotective effects than that of the extract. Overall, the ethylacetate fraction of L. lucidus protects cells from an external stress which can be used as a potential cosmetic material.