• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.567-576
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• 2017

Objective : Preoperative parameters including the T1 slope (T1S) and C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA) have been recognized as predictors of kyphosis after laminoplasty, which is accompanied by posterior neck muscle damage. The importance of preoperative parameters has been under-estimated in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) because there is no posterior neck muscle damage. We aimed to determine whether postoperative subsidence and pseudarthrosis could be predicted according to specific parameters on preoperative plain radiographs. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed 41 consecutive patients (male : female, 22 : 19; mean age, $51.15{\pm}9.25years$) who underwent ACDF with a stand-alone polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) cage (>1 year follow-up). Parameters including SVA, T1S, segmental angle and range of motion (ROM), C2-C7 cervical angle and ROM, and segmental inter-spinous distance were measured on preoperative plain radiographs. Risk factors of subsidence and pseudarthrosis were determined using multivariate logistic regression. Results : Fifty-five segments (27 single-segment and 14 two-segment fusions) were included. The subsidence and pseudarthrosis rates based on the number of segments were 36.4% and 29.1%, respectively. Demographic data and fusion level were unrelated to subsidence. A greater T1S was associated with a lower risk of subsidence (p=0.017, odds ratio=0.206). A cutoff value of T1S<$28^{\circ}$ significantly predicted subsidence (sensitivity : 70%, specificity : 68.6%). There were no preoperative predictors of pseudarthrosis except old age. Conclusion : A lower T1S (T1S<$28^{\circ}$) could be a risk factor of subsidence following ACDF. Surgeons need to be aware of this risk factor and should consider various supportive procedures to reduce the subsidence rates for such cases.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2013

Purpose : This study was to investigate that tongue positions have effect on the cervical range of motion (ROM). Methods : 18 subjects, 20 to 25 years of age, were participated in this study. The tongue positions were neutral position, anterior protrusion, posterior protrusion, superior protrusion, inferior protrusion, left side protrusion and right side protrusion. The neck movements were right side flexion, left side flexion, right rotation and left rotation. The cervical range of motion measured by cervical range of motion instrument (CROM, C9266-49, USA). The changes were analyzed using the paired t-test. SPSSWIN (ver. 20.0) was used for data analysis and the significance level was chosen as ${\alpha}$=0.05. Results : In the lateral flexion, the angle of left lateral flexion increased in anterior protrusion(p<0.05) and right side protrusion(p<0.05) significantly. In the rotation, the angle of right rotation increased in anterior protrusion(p<0.05), posterior protrusion (p<0.05), superior protrusion(p<0.05), inferior protrusion(p<0.05), and left side protrusion (p<0.05) significantly. Conclusions : In conclusion, we found that the tongue positions affected some cervical movements.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2009

Purpose: This study assessed the differences in the forward head posture (FHP), cervical range of motion, and headache clinical parameters in episodic tension-type headache (ETTH) subjects, chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) subjects, and healthy controls (university students). Methods: Fifteen CTTH subjects, 15 ETTH subjects and 15 controls without headache were examined. Side-view images of each group were taken in both the sitting and standing positions, in order to assess the FHP by measuring the craniovertebral angle. The CROM was used to measure the cervical range of motion. A headache diary was kept for 4 weeks to assess the headache intensity, frequency, and duration. Results: The craniovertebral angle was smaller, ie, there was a greater FHP, in the CTTH and ETTH subjects than in the healthy controls in both the sitting and standing positions (p<0.05). The CTTH and ETTH subjects showed a lower cervical range of motion than the healthy controls in the total range of motion as well as in the half-cycles (p<0.05). Conclusion: The increased FHP and decreased cervical range of motion might be a contributing factor in the initiation of tension-type headache.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate effects of upper trapezius muscle stretching in more tensed position (MTP) and less tensed position (LTP) on the change of range of motion (ROM) for neck rotation, and the ROM for conjunct neck motions at end-range of neck rotation toward the painful side in patients with unilateral neck pain. Eighteen patients with unilateral neck pain were recruited for the study's MTP group, and 18 age-, weight- and gender-matched patients with unilateral neck pain were recruited for LTP group. The ROM changes in active neck primary and conjunct motions were measured using a cervical ROM inclinometer in the sitting position. Our results showed that both upper trapezius stretching method in MTP and LTP were significantly effective in increasing the ROM of neck rotation toward painful side in patients with unilateral neck pain. However, a significantly greater increase in the ROM for neck rotation and a further decrease in conjunct neck extension during neck rotation toward the painful side were shown in MTP group, compared to LTP group. The upper trapezius stretching in MTP is useful in increasing the ROM of neck rotation and decreasing the range of conjunct neck extension during neck rotation toward the painful side in patients with unilateral neck pain.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.255-266
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• 2022

Purpose: This study sought to study the effects of cross-legged sitting posture on joint motion. It also examined the correlation between the changes in the joint range of motion, musculoskeletal symptoms, and facial asymmetry. Methods: The Acumar Digital Inclinometer (Lafayette Instrument Company, USA) was used to measure the range of motion (ROM). We measured the flexion and extension of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine using a dual inclinometer, and measured the ROM of the shoulder and hip joint with a single inclinometer. The Likert scale questionnaire was used to investigate musculoskeletal symptoms and facial asymmetry. Results: The data analysis was performed using the Jamovi version 1.6.23 statistical software. After confirming the normality of the ROM with descriptive statistics, it was compared with the normal ROM through a one-sample t-test. Correlation matrix analysis was performed to confirm the association between facial asymmetry and musculoskeletal symptoms. The result of the one-sample t-test showed a significant increase in the thoracic spine extension and right and left hip external rotation (p<0.001^***), while most other joints were restricted. As per the frequency analysis, facial asymmetry was found to be 81.70%. Conclusion: The independent variable, namely cross-legged sitting posture led to an increase in ROM. The study also suggests that facial asymmetry and musculoskeletal symptoms could occur. Therefore, to prevent the increase and limitation of ROM and to prevent the occurrence of facial asymmetry and musculoskeletal symptoms, it is suggested that the usual cross-legged sitting posture should be avoided.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.314-320
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• 2016

Purpose: This study compared the effectiveness of sling exercise and McKenzie exercise in patients with acute cervical whiplash associated disorder (WAD) caused by rear-end collision. Methods: Thirty WAD patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups; a sling exercise (SE) group, a McKenzie exercise (McE) group, and a control group. Members of the SE and McE exercised three times a week for four weeks under the researcher's guidance. Three groups performed TENS treatment three times a week for four weeks. Diagnostic radiological equipment was used to measure whiplash injury. Visual analog scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), and range of motion (ROM) were used in this study. Results: The three groups showed a significant pre-post treatment difference in measures of VAS and NDI (p<0.05). The SE group showed a significant pre-post treatment difference in measures of flexion and extension changes compared to the McE and control group (p<0.05). The SE group also showed significantly greater improvement in the VAS, NDI, and ROM changes than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that sling exercise is a stronger and more aggressive intervention for treatment of acute WAD patients.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.49-65
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is development of posture evaluation and Range of Motion(ROM) system by using digital vision analysis method. The results of this study are as follows. First, Scoliosis evaluation through this research measurement system represent 3mm error in 7 cervical point and deepest lumbar point, 0.7mm error in other point. This mean this research measurement system have a reliability for scoliosis evaluation. Second, for spine line evaluation on high fat subject, we need reconstrection spine line after measurement for fat thickness in 7 cervical point and deepest lumbar point. Third, In pedioscope error test, it present 0.01848cm in X axis and 0.01757cm in Y axis. This results mean pedioscope have a reliability foot evaluation. Forth, Posture evaluation and Range of Motion measurement system by using digital vision analysis method can fast measure in range of motion and foot evaluation and posture. therefore we can expect this system application in young people posture clinic center and hospital and so on.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

Purpose: The main causes of chronic neck pain (CNP) are wrong postures and degenerative changes. This study investigated the effects of specific exercise on elderly women with CNP. Methods: 29 elderly women who complain of CNP were classified into experimental group (14) and control group (15). The experimental group was treated with specific exercise and minimal conventional therapy, whereas the control group was treated only with conventional therapy. Then the effects on the visual analogue scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), Korean form of geriatric depression scale (KGDS), and range of motion (ROM) were compared between the two groups. Results: The experimental group showed significantly improved results in VAS, NDI, SAS, KGDS, and ROM after intervention (p<0.05), as did the control group (p<0.05). The comparison of changes in the experimental group before and after intervention showed superior results in the SAS, NDI, and ROM (flexion, rotation, lat. flexion) results when compared with the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Specific exercise is effective in the improvement of SAS, NDI, and ROM for elderly women with CNP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.655-666
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The main objective of this study is observing the effects of the functional postural trunk exercise (FPTE) on deep cranio-cervical flexor (CCF) muscle endurance applied on neck pain patients suffering from the acute whiplash-association disorder (WAD). METHODS: The study was tested with 47 patients with neck pain. All patients were equally treated with the ordinary therapy, only experimental group (n=23) was treated with FPTE: assumption of an upright lumbo-pelvic and spinal postural position, adding a neck lengthening manoeuvre in addition. Patients attended physical therapy for 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. Visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, neck disability index (NDI), range of motion (ROM), were recorded both before and after the intervention. Also muscle activity in the CCF test was employed to analyze the changes between before and after. RESULT: After 4 weeks of training intervention, a remarkable increase in muscle endurance, rotation, extension ROM (p<.05) and decrease in pain and NDI (p<.05) in both groups. Further, the differences between groups were muscle endurance (F=60.350, p<.01), pain, and the left rotation ROM (p<.05). CONCLUSION: From the results, the experimental group had significant the increase in muscle endurance, and the significant decrease in pain. Whilst further research in this category is necessary, these observations suggest that applying exercise in early diagnosis can be of help to treat the neck pain patients suffering from the WAD.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.56-71
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review the article using an IMU(Inertial Measurement Unit) for measuring the cervical range of motion and to evaluate the feasibility of using an IMU for measuring the cervical range of motion. Method: Scopus was used to search for the articles relating to the inclusion criteria. Which is measuring the cervical range of motion using an IMU. A total of 15 articles were selected through discussion. Degree and the reliability of the cervical range of motion and the validity of the data within the articles were extracted. Results: The measurement of the cervical range of motion using an IMU were $92.25^{\circ}$ to $138.2^{\circ}$, $122.4^{\circ}$ to $154.9^{\circ}$, $73.75^{\circ}$ to $93.1^{\circ}$ on the sagittal plane, transverse plane, and coronal plane respectively. 38 of the 43 values showed good reliability. They were larger than 0.75. 5 of the 43 values showed reliability less than 0.75. They were measured by smart phone. 16 of the 21 values showed good validity. The remaining 5 were measured by smart phone. The lower reliability and validity of smart phone were related to the protocol. The IMU can measure the coupling motion and may be used in various situations. Conclusion: The IMU may become a gold standard for measuring the cervical range of motion. The IMU measured not only the cervical range of motion but also the coupling motion. Furthermore, IMU may be used in various situations. Therefore, IMU must be considered a valuable measurement device.