• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2009

To study the biological activity of interleukin-$1\beta$(IL-$1\beta$), a proinflammatory cytokine, in nile tilapia, Oreochromis niliticus, the recombinant tilapia IL-$1\beta$ was produced in E. coli cells based on pQE vector. Ni-NTA (nitriloacetic acid) metal affinity chromatography was used to purify recombinant protein. The eluted fractions exhibited a single band of protein with a molecular weight of about 25kDa, which is in close agreement with 25.4 kDa predicted by the cDNA sequence. The biological activity of the purified recombinant tilapia IL-$1\beta$ was tested through its effects on IL-$1\beta$ gene expression, which are known as IL-$1\beta$ inducible genes in mammals and fishes. IL-$1\beta$ gene expression induced by poly I:C, a synthetic double stranded RNA, was also assessed in tilapia head kidney cells. IL-$1\beta$ gene expression was analysed using QPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction). The ratio of the indicated gene expression was expressed as the relative mRNA level to $\beta$-actin mRNA level, which is constitutively expressed in macrophages. Consequently, head kidney cells incubated for three hours with rIL-$1\beta$(10, 2, 1 $\mu{g}$/ml) showed a dose dependent increase in IL-$1\beta$ mRNA levels and 1 $\mu{g}$/ml of poly I:C was also able to induce IL-$1\beta$ gene expression in head kidney in tilapia.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2009

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) has an important economic impact on the poultry industry worldwide. This study examined the adjuvant effects of a plasmid encoding chicken interleukin-6 (pcDNA-ChIL-6) and levamisole (LMS) on in ovo prime-boost vaccination using a genetic vaccine (pcDNA-VP243) to prime in chicken followed by a killed-vaccine boost. A pcDNA-VP243 was injected into the amniotic sac alone or in combination with a pcDNA-ChIL-6 or LMS at embryonation day 18, followed by an intramuscular injection of killed IBD vaccine at 1 week of age. The chicken were orally challenged with very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strain at 3 weeks of age and observed for 10 days. No mortality was observed in the groups that received the pcDNA-VP243 alone and pcDNA-VP243 plus pcDNA-ChIL-6 or LMS compared to 100% mortality in unvaccinated challenge control group. However, as determined by bursal damage (the presence of IBDV RNA, B/B ratio, and lesion score), a pcDNA-VP243 alone group was superior to pcDNA-VP243 plus pcDNA-ChIL-6 or LMS groups in the protection against post-challenge. These findings suggest that in ovo priming with genetic vaccine and boosting with killed vaccine is an effective strategy for protecting chicken against vvIBDV and the addition of pcDNA-ChIL-6 or LMS did not enhance protective immunity.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.95-95
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• 2002

Transgenic rabbits were produced by micoinjection of DNA containing metallothionein promoter ligated to growth hormone receptor (GHR) and IGF-l receptor (IGF-lR) genes. Founder transgenic rabbits transmitted transgenes into pups with Medelian ratio. The mRNA expression of transgenes using Northern blotting with probes of IGF-IR and GHR genes was checked in liver of transgenic rabbits. Transgenic rabbits with IGF-IR and GHR genes more expressed mRNA than control non-transgneic rabbits. (omitted)

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2003

A Gene content phylogenetic tree and a 16s rRNA based phylogenetic tree were compared for 33 whole-genome sequenced procaryotes, neighbor joining and bootstrap methods (n=1,000). Ratio of conserved COG (clusters of orthologous groups of proteins) to orthologs revealed that they were within the range of 4.60% (Mezorhizobium loti) or 56.57% (Mycopiasma genitalium). This meant that the ratio was diverse among analyzed procaryotes and indicated the possibility of searching for useful genes. Over 20% of orthologs were independent among the same species. The gene content tree and the 16s rDNA tree showed coincidence and discordance in Archaeabacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. This might have resulted from non-conservative genes in the gene content phylogenetic tree and horizontal gene transfer. The COG based gene content tree could be regarded as a midway phylogeny based on biochemical tests and nucleotide sequences.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.167-178
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• 1970

Elucidation of the metabolic pathway due to 50% dietary restriction carried out in this study. Seventy male and female wealning rats, weighed $43{\pm}2g$ were divided into seven groups, 10 rats each. Twenty rats, ten males and ten females were sacrificed every three weeks after 50% dietary restriction for whole length of the experiment, nine weeks. Pair-feeding was employed in this study. According to the increment of the dietary restricted period, the body and organ weights were decreased. Especially liver and spleen were mostly shrinked in their weights, and brain was the most stable organ in account of dietary restricted effect. In comparison nitrogen retention between restricted and unrestricted groups, the former showed lower than the later but tubulated into the rate of Nitrogen retention per gram of body weight, reverse was true in this respect. In regardness of the experimental organs, spleen revealed the most fast change and the brain the most slow change their content of RNA and DNA in account of the 30% dietary restriction. Hematological investigation did not show any anemic conditions in both restricted and unrestricted groups. Also serum albumin contents A/G ratio, did not effect due to 50% dietary restrictions.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.221-224
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• 1996

To examine the growth-phase dependent control of Escherichia coli rnpB gene we used a combination of Northern analysis for RNA determination and Southern analysis for plasmid DNA determination. The relative amounts of metabolically unstable transcript derived from the internally deleted rnpB gene harbored on a multicopy plasmid as well as the relative plasmid contents were measured by Northern analysis and Southern analysis, respectively, of total nucleic acids from E coli cells containing the plasmid. The relative transcription activity of the rnB was represented by a ratio of the relative amount of the transcript to that of the plasmid DNA during bacterial growth. The rnpB transcription increased rapidly with time during exponential growth, but started to decrease before the transition period of an exponential growing cell culture into the stationary phase. Although the expression pattern was similar to the changes of ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity expressed from the lysogenic strain carrying the chromosomal rnpB-lacZ fusion which were shown in a previous work, the present data appears to represent a more actual growth-phase control of the rnpB transcription than the previous data by the ${\beta}-galactosidase$ assay. In addition the present method described for a direct analysis of both RNA and plasmid DNA provides a rapid and efficient method that can applied to an examination of transcription control by using a multicopy plasmid.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 1983

Effects of temperature on the gorwth characteristics and the chemical composition of pseudomonas cells grown under glucose-or methanol-utilizing continuous culture were studied. In a glucose-utilizing continuous culture, optimum dilution rate, agitation, pH, and temperature, for the higher biomass yield were $0.45hr^-$, 7000rpm, pH 7.5, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. But in a methanol-utilizing continuous culture, they were $0.125hr^-$, 600rpm, pH 8, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. In methanol-utilizing continuous culture, the maximum production rate of the cells was 1.48g, dry wt./1/hr at a dilution rate of $0.45hr^-$, and the cell yield was 0.46g. dry wt./g. glucose. In the methanol-utilizaing continuous culture, the maximum production rate of the cells was 0.33 7g. dry wt./1/hr. at a dilution rate of $0.125hr^-$ and the cell yield was 0.44g dry cell/g. methanol. The contents of protein of the cells increase with the increase ingrowing temperature (from 15 to $30^{\circ}C$), more or less, while the contents of RNA nad carbohydrate of the cells decreased. However, DNA contents of cells growth under the various temperature ranges didn't change. As the temeprature of cultivation rises at a constant dilution rate, the efficiency of RNA in protein synthesis was increased, showing the decreases in the ratio of RNA to protein.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2011

We have developed a polyculture container which is preferable for rearing of abalones and sea cucumbers in East Sea. To test the rearing capacity of the polyculture container, 50, 75 and 100 sea cucumbers ranging from the body length of 7-9 cm were cultured in three containers including 500 abalones with the shell length of about 5 cm, respectively. It was revealed that preferable density for sea cucumbers was 52-72 individuals in the polyculture container. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase were analyzed with Reflotron kit to investigate the health degree of abalones in two polyculture containers including 300 and 500 abalones with the shell length of about 5 cm. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase has been an important tool to know myocardial infarction, disease of liver, and destruction of muscle. Next experiment was conducted to determine the effects on growth of abalones and sea cucumbers in polyculture container. Experimental findings, RNA/DHA ratio, DNA and RNA contents (ug/mg) were not significantly different among all groups. The results imply that the method of polyculture can be rearing with sea cucumber without growth retardation of abalone. Production ability between polyculture container and the container used in south sea were carried out using suspended culture method during 8months. It was revealed that abalones and sea cucumbers are faster growing in polyculture container than in container used in south sea. Therefore, polyculture container is considered more appropriate for the abalones and sea cucumbers culture in East Sea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1629-1635
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• 2016

A novel bacteriophage, PBES 02, infecting Cronobacter sakazakii was isolated and characterized. It has a spherical head of 90 nm in diameter and a tail of 130 nm in length, and belongs to Myoviridae as observed under a transmission electron microscope. The major virion protein appears to be 38 kilodaltons (kDa) in size. The latent period of PBES 02 is 30 min and the burst size is 250. Infectivity of the phage remained intact after exposure to temperatures ranging from 4℃ to 55℃ for 1 h. It was also stable after exposure to pHs ranging from 6 to 10 for 1 h. The phage effectively removed contaminating Cronobacter sakazakii from broth infant formula. PBES 02 has a double-stranded DNA genome of 149,732 bases. Its GC ratio is 50.7%. Sequence analysis revealed that PBES 02 has 299 open reading frames (ORFs) and 14 tRNA genes. Thirty-nine ORFs were annotated, including 24 related to replication and regulation functions, 10 related to structural proteins, and 5 related to DNA packaging. The genome of PBES 02 is closely related to that of two other C. sakazakii phages, CR3 and CR8. Comparison of DNA sequences of genes encoding the major capsid protein revealed a wide geographical distribution of related phages over Asia, Europe, and America.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 1998

This study was designed to examine how dietary protein levels affect organ growth and protein metabolism in early and normally weaned rats. Early and normally weaned rats separated fro the dam on the 15th and 121st day postpartum, respectively. were fed diets containing three levels of protein : low(10%) , normal (20%),and high(40%) . On the 35th day, the weight and DNA, RNA and protein contents in brain , liver, and kidney were determined to ascertain organ and cellular growth. Furthermore, serum total protein , albumin , $\alpha$-amino N and creatine and urinary urea N, and creatinine were determined in order to ascertain protein metabolism and renal functions. Dietary protein levels were not observed to significantly affect total DNA content, which may represent an index of cell number in the liver, brain and kidney. Fresh weight and protein/DNA ratio, which may represent indices of cell size, significantly increased in proportion to dietary protein in the kidney. As for the early weaned rats , the liver cell size significantly decreased. Dietary protein levels and weaning periods did not affect serum total protein and albumin . However, serum urea-N significantly increased in proportion to dietary protein levels whereas serum $\alpha$-amino N was decreased by early weaning . Nitrogen retention was lower in early weaned rats fed low or high levels of protein than in normally weaned rats. The results demonstrate that low or high levels of dietary protein have less desirable effects on protein metabolism in prematurely weaned rats.