• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.341-346
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• 2016

Phagocytosis is a primary and an essential step of host defense, and is triggered by the interaction of particles with specific receptor of macrophages. In this study, we investigated the effect of extracts of Rudbeckia laciniata (RLE) on the phagocytic activity of macrophage, by monitoring the phagocytosis-associated signal transduction. RLE markedly increased phagocytosis of serum-opsonized zymosan particles (SOZ), while phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized zymosan particles (IOZ) or none-opsonized zymosan particles (NOZ) remained unaffected. However, RLE did not affect the binding of opsonized zymosan particles (OZ) with the cell surface of macrophage. This suggests that RLE may regulate SOZ-induced intracellular signaling during phagocytosis of macrophage. To confirm this hypothesis, we investigated whether RLE was involved in the RhoA-mediated signal transduction during phagocytosis of SOZ. Inhibitors of the RhoA-mediated signaling pathway, such as Y-27632 (for ROCK), ML-7 (for MLCK), and Tat-C3 (for RhoA), totally blocked phagocytosis of SOZ enhanced by RLE, as well as phagocytosis of SOZ. Additionally, RhoA activity was markedly increased when cells were treated with RLE, suggesting that RLE could increase the phagocytic activity of macrophage via RhoA-ROCK/MLCK signal pathway. Thus, RLE may be used to develop functional foods for immunity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1003-1010
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine the phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activity of Coffea robusta leaf extract (RLE). The results indicated that chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a major component of RLE. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of RLE against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium were 6.25, 12.5, 12.5, and 12.5 mg/ml, respectively. RLE effectively damages the bacterial cell membrane integrity, as indicated by the high amounts of proteins and nucleic acids released from the bacteria, and disrupts bacterial cell membrane potential and permeability, as revealed via fluorescence analysis. Cytotoxicity testing showed that RLE is slightly toxic toward HepG2 cells at high concentration but exhibited no toxicity toward Caco2 cells. The results from the present study suggest that RLE has excellent potential applicability as an antimicrobial in the food industry.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.39-54
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• 2012

Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) has been planted as one of the key infrastructures with an overall improvement in standards of medical informationization and the stream of digital hospitalization in recent days. The kind and data of digital medical imagery are also increasing rapidly in volume. This trend emphasizes the medical image compression for storing large-scale medical image data. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), de facto standard in digital medical imagery, specifies Run Length Encode (RLE), which is the typical lossless data compressing technique, for the medical image compression. However, the RLE is not appropriate approach for medical image data with bilateral symmetry of the human organism. we suggest two preprocessing algorithms that detect interested area, the minimum bounding rectangle, in a medical image to enhance data compression efficiency and that re-code image pixel values to reduce data size according to the symmetry characteristics in the interested area, and also presents an improved image compression technique for brain CT imagery with high bilateral symmetry. As the result of experiment, the suggested approach shows higher data compression ratio than the RLE compression in the DICOM standard without detecting interested area in images.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2016

Obesity is caused by excess accumulation of body fat and contributes to various pathological disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of a 30% ethanol extract of Fructus Rosae laevigata (RLE) on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, measured by triglyceride accumulation and expression of adipogenesis-related transcription factors during differentiation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes. RLE decreased the intracellular triglyceride contents (assessed by Oil Red-O staining) in a dose-dependent manner. It also downregulated the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and inhibited cell proliferation during the mitotic clonal expansion phase of adipocyte differentiation by inducing G1 phase arrest. We investigated the alterations in the levels of G1 phase arrest-related proteins. The expression of p21 protein significantly increased, while the levels of Cyclin E, Cdk2, and phospho-Rb decreased in a dose-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 cells treated with RLE. These results suggest that RLE inhibits the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes by suppressing the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and inducing G1 phase arrest in the early stages of adipocyte differentiation.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.857-865
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• 1995

In this paper, a nibble RLE(Run Length Encoding) code for real time compression and decompression of Hanguel bit map font and printer data is proposed. The nibble RLE code shows good compression ratio in complete form Hangeul Myoungjo and Godik style bit map font and printer output bit map data. And two ASICs seperating compression and decompression are designed and simulated on CAD to verify the proposed code. The 0.8 micron CMOS Sea of Gate is used to implement the ASICs in amount of 2, 400 gates, and these are running at 25MHz. Therefore, the proposed code could be implemented with simple hardware and performs 100M bit/sec compression and decomression at maximum, it is good for real time applications.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.686-688
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• 2010

The supply of context information is increasing with the propagation of ubiquitous computing environment. Recently, as context information is being collected through electronic tags and sensors attached to the environment, we need methods to efficiently store and search large volumes of data. This paper describes the application of the RLE (Run Length Encoding) compression method for sensors that continuously collect data in USN/RFID terminals.Time information is marked on the data and one data block is generated and saved. This paper proposes a storage method that allows us to quickly search data of the desired time and place by recording time information in continuous data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.267-273
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• 2009

Antioxidative, antimicrobial activities and Raw 264.7 cell viability as cytotoxicity of various solvent extracts from leaf of Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. dried by different methods were investigated for processing as functional ingredient. In DPPH radical scavenging activity, RLE (80% EtOH extract of raw leaf) and FLE (80% EtOH extract of freeze-dried leaf) exhibited strong scavenging effect on $300{\mu}M$ DPPH radical solution (1.71 mg/mL and 2.11 mg/mL for RLE $SC_{50}$ and FLE $SC_{50}$). Also in nitric oxide scavenging activity, RLE and FLE showed strong activities (83.9% and 82.2% in 5 mg/mL sample concentration). Total phenolic compound contents of each extracts were found to be $73.7{\sim}215.4$ mg/g and RLE was showed the highest phenolic compound content. Also, total flavonoid contents were found to be $24.85{\sim}110.3$ mg/g and RLE was showed the highest flavonoid content. In antimicrobial activity, RLE was showed higher growth inhibition effect against all microbial strains. RLE, RLW (hot water extract of raw leaf), and FLW (hot water extract of freeze-dried leaf) exhibited strong antimicrobial activities against MRSA and S. aureus. In measurement of cytotoxicity by MTT assay, Raw 264.7 cell viabilities of 80% EtOH extracts showed better effect than water extracts. Especially viability of RLE was found be over 100% in every tested sample concentration.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.7-15
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• 2015

Objectives : Rosa laevigata Michx. has been used for the treatment of renal disease in traditional Korean medicine. In this study, we investigated cytoprotective effect of R. laevigata water extract (RLE) against oxidative stress induced by arachidonic acid (AA) + iron.Methods : To evaluate the protective effects of RLE against AA + iron-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cell, cell viability and changes on apoptosis-related proteins were assessed by MTT and immunoblot analyses. The effects of RLE on reduced glutathione level, production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential were also monitored. Furthermore, to verify underlying molecular mechanism, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was examined by immunoblot analysis. Additionally, Nrf2 transactivation and its downstream target genes expression were also determined by reporter gene and realtime RT-PCR analyses.Results : RLE pretreatment (30-300 μg/ml) prevented cells from AA + iron-mediated cell death in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, 100 μg/ml RLE inhibited AA + iron-induced glutathione depletion, reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial dysfunction. RLE accumulated nuclear Nrf2 and also transactivated Nrf2, which was evidenced by antioxidant response element- and glutathione S-transferase A2-driven luciferase activities and mRNA level of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and sestrin 2. Moreover, protective effect of RLE against AA + iron was abolished in Nrf2 knockout cells.Conclusions : These results indicate that RLE has the ability to protect hepatocyte against oxidative stress through Nrf2 activation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.335-340
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• 2016

The objective of the present investigation was to obtain vitamin, mineral, flavonoid, and polyphenol profiles of Rudbeckia laciniata (RL), and to examine the effects of extract of RL (RLE) on various physiological activities of HaCaT keratinocyte for the utilization of RL as natural raw materials to develop functional food. To accomplish this purpose, we checked the contents of the general nutrients of RL. The contents of vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_2$ were $7.49{\mu}g/g$, $51.96{\mu}g/g$, and $132{\mu}g/g$ respectively, while vitamin C and vitamin $D_3$ were not detected. The contents of mineral such as Ca, K and Fe were 2.01 mg/g, 6.06 mg/g and 0.03 mg/g respectively. Total flavonoid contents of RLE were 0.25 mg/g, and total polyphenol were estimated as 1.43 mg/g. Because RL contains high levels of vitamin A which is associated with skin aging, we investigated the effect of RLE on physiological function of keratinocytes with respect to skin aging. We found that RLE significantly increased the growth rate of HaCaT cells and reduced ultraviolet radiation B (UVB)-induced cellular toxicity. Also, the extract of Rudbeckia laciniata attenuated the UVB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in a dose-dependent manner in HaCaT cells. In addition, treatment with the extract dose-dependently increased migration activity of HaCaT cells. Thus, these findings indicated that RLE could regulate the physiological activity of keratinocytes, and may be used to develop functional foods.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.814-817
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• 2005

Fast binary dilation and erosion algorithms using run-length encoding (RLE) are proposed. RLE is an alternative way of representing a binary image using a run, which is a sequence of '1' pixels. First, we derive the run-based representation of dilation and erosion and then present the full steps of the proposed algorithms in detail.