• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2019

Purpose The principle of nuclear medicine test is divided into two main categories: competition(radioimmunoassay, RIA) and noncompetitive reaction(Immunoradiometric assay, IRMA). It is known that the curve fitting method, which is commonly used in inspection field, uses Spline interpolation in RIA method and Linear interpolation method in IRMA method. Among them, the insulin test using the IRMA test showed a significant difference, especially at low concentrations, despite the same algorithm of linear interpolation between fully automated radio immunoassay analyzers. In this study, we aim to obtain results from applying two different of algorithm using fully automated radio immunoassay analyzers including Gamma pro, Gamma 10, Cobra, and SR300. Materials and Methods A total of 30 test samples were selected for the test of TSH, ferritin, C-peptide, and insulin serum levels. Test was performed by IRMA method. We compared the difference in the results of applying the linear interpolation method and the spline interpolation method to Gamma Pro, Gamma 10, Cobra, and SR300 equipment. Results Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. The significance level was applied as P <0.05. The results of TSH, ferritin, C-peptide, and insulin tests were compared between the fully automated radio immunoassay analyzers. There was a significant difference between ferritin, C-peptide, and insulin serum levels(P<0.001). TSH didn't show any significant different between the devices(P=0.29). In the difference between linear and spline interpolation, there was no significant difference between insulin test(P=0.08), TSH test(P=0.81), and Ferritin test(P=0.06). However, C-peptide test showed a significant difference(P=0.03). Especially, the insulin test showed significant difference in lower ranges. As a result of comparing and analyzing the difference between the two interpolation methods, the devices in the low concentration group showed significant difference(P<0.001). Conclusion In case of new equipment in the laboratory it is necessary to recognize that there is a difference in the curve fitting method for each automated radio immunoassay analyzers in the low concentration area when the principle of inspection is IRMA method.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.323-329
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• 2009

Purpose: Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was usually performed by the batch assay. To improve the efficiency of RIA without increase of the cost and time, random assay could be a choice. We investigated the possibility of the random assay using automatic dispenser by assessing the agreement between batch assay and random assay. Materials and Methods: The experiments were performed with four items; Triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (fT4), Prostate specific antigen (PSA), Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). In each item, the sera of twenty patients, the standard, and the control samples were used. The measurements were done 4 times with 3 hour time intervals by random assay and batch assay. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the standard samples and patients' data in T3, fT4, PSA, and CEA were assessed. ICC (Intraclass correlation coefficient) and coefficient of correlation were measured to assessing the agreement between two methods. Results: The CVs (%) of T3, fT4, PSA, and CEA measured by batch assay were 3.2$\pm$1.7%, 3.9$\pm$2.1%, 7.1$\pm$6.2%, 11.2$\pm$7.2%. The CVs by random assay were 2.1$\pm$1.7%, 4.8$\pm$3.1%, 3.6$\pm$4.8%, and 7.4$\pm$6.2%. The ICC between the batch assay and random assay were 0.9968 (T3), 0.9973 (fT4), 0.9996 (PSA), and 0.9901 (CEA). The coefficient of correlation between the batch assay and random assay were 0.9924(T3), 0.9974 (fT4), 0.9994 (PSA), and 0.9989 (CEA) (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of random assay showed strong agreement with the batch assay in a day. These results suggest that random assay using automatic dispenser could be used in radioimmunoassay.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.56-60
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• 2005

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and unconjugated estriol (uE3) were added to AFP to make what is commonly known as the Triple test. The Triple test combines results from these three tests and has been a standard screening procedure for several years. Recent studies have demonstrated the usefulness of adding inhibin-A to Down's syndrome risk assessment. The Quad test adds dimeric Inhibin-A (DIA) to the three other markers and uses the same computer program to calculate risk factors. Testing was performed between 14 and 21 weeks of gestation. Sample size were 648 samples and period of study was from 1, July, 2004 to 30, September, 2004. Used analytical methods for AFP, hCG and uE3 were radioimmunoassay (RIA) and dimeric inhibin A was enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Adding dimeric inhibin-A as a fourth marker to the standard triple test increases the detection rate from 62 % to 75 % with a false-positive rate of 5%. The DIA based Quad test has been shown to be the most effective second trimester screening test for Down's syndrome suitable for routine use. Increased DIA values are observed during normal pregnancy where a bimodal pattern response is seen. Values increase during the first trimester, decline after 14 weeks, and re-ascend between 17-25 weeks. Values for DIA may be additionally elevated during a Down's syndrome pregnancy. Dimeric inhibin A is a glycoprotein hormone made by the ovary and placenta. DIA levels are twice as high in Down's syndrome pregnancies. AFP, hCG, and uE3 levels vary with gestational age, and incorrect gestational dating will influence results. DIA levels do not vary substantially with gestational age, resulting in greater screening accuracy. Although the Quad test is an improvement over the Triple test, it is important to underscore the fact that a positive test on both should be done. Most women who initially screen positive will be found to be carrying normal babies when amniocentesis and definitive diagnostic chromosome analysis are done.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.234-238
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• 1999

Purpose : This study was performed to evaluate the seropositivities and levels of Hepatitis A Virus(Hav) antibody in term pregnant women and their neonates, and the transplacental transfer rate of maternal Hav-specific IgG(Hav IgG) from tenn pregnant women to their neonates. Methods : During Jan. 1st, 1998 to May. 31 tho 1998, we collected the 42 pairs of sera from pregnant women and umbilical cord of their neonates in Korea University Ansan Hospital. The serum levels of Hav IgG were measured by the RIA method. Results : 1) The seropositivities of Hav IgG were 78.6% in mothers and 81.0% in neonates. There was no statistical difference of mean antibody(Ab) levels between mothers and neonates. There was significant correlation of Ab levels between maternal sera and neonatal umbilical cord sera(correlation coefficient r=0.9285, P<0.001). 2) There were no significant correlations between neonatal Hav IgG level and other factors such as maternal age, gestational age and initial body weight of neonates. Conclusion : Seropositivities of Hav IgG tenn-pregnant women was comparable to those of their neonates. Pregnant women and their neonates can be protected from Hav infection.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.2223-2235
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• 2013

This study aimed to understand temporal and spatial trends of rainfall characteristics in South and North Korea. Daily rainfall observed at the 65 stations in South Korea between 1963 and 2010 and the 27 stations in North Korea between 1973 and 2010 were analyzed. Rainfall Indicators for amount, extremes, frequency of rainfall were defined. Province-based indicators in the recent 10 years (i.e., between 2001 and 2010) were compared to those in the past (i.e., between 1963/1973 and 2000 for South/North Korea). In the recent 10 years, all the indicators except for the number of wet days (NWD) and 200-yr frequency rainfall (Freq200) increased in South Korea and all the indicators except for the annual mean daily rainfall over wet days (SDII) and annual total rainfall amount (TotalDR) decreased in North Korea. Furthermore, we performed the Mann-Kendall trend test based on the annual indicators. In some stations, decreasing trends in the past and increasing trends in the recent 10 years were found, and such opposite trends between two periods suggest he limitation in predicting and analyzing the rainfall characteristics based on the average. Results from this study can be used in analyzing the impact of climate change and preparing adaptation strategies for the water resources management.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.481-488
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• 2003

Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding protein act as intra-ovarian regulators that modulate the proliferation and differentiation of the granulosa and theca cells. Moreover, the IGF system is involved in metabolism by modulating the synthesis and degradation of glycogen and protein in animals. However the effect of the IGF system on egg productivity or body growth in KNOC has not been studied in depth. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate differences of serum IGFs and binding protein expressions between two groups showing high and low egg production or body weight and to elucidate the relationship of IGFs with egg productivity and body growth. KNOCs were divided into high and low groups depending on their egg productivity or body growth, and sera were collected every 10 wk from 20 till 60 wk. Serum IGF-I and -II concentration were measured by RIA using human and mouse antiserum and chicken standards. IGFBP was detected by Western ligand blotting. IGF-I concentrations were significantly greater in the high egg production group compared with those in the low egg production group (30 wk, p<0.01; 20 and 40 wk, p<0.05). Also, differences in IGF-II amounts between the two groups were detected at 60 wk (p<0.05). But IGFBPs in the low egg production group were more intense than that in the high egg production group through the egg laying period. The correlation between IGF-I concentration and number of egg production is significantly positive (20 wk, r=0.2729: p<0.05; 40 wk, r=0.3500: p<0.01), while IGF-II shows no correlation with egg productivity. In male KNOC, IGF-I and -II concentrations in the high body weight group are lower than that in the low body weight group. Body weight also shows a negative correlation with the serum IGF-II concentration in male chickens (20 wk, r=-0.5901: p<0.01). Consequently, we suggest that IGFs and binding protein are (in)directly involved in the egg productivity and body growth in KNOC.

• Clean Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 2015

In order to investigate the effect of cerium oxide addition, Cu-ZnO-CeO₂ catalysts were prepared using co-precipitation method for water gas shift (WGS) reaction. A series of Cu-ZnO-CeO₂ catalyst with fixed Cu Content (50 wt%, calculated as CuO) and a given ceria content (e.g., 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 wt%, calculated as CeO₂) were tested for catalytic activity at a GHSV of 95,541 h^-1, and a temperature range of 200 to 400 ℃. Cu-ZnO-CeO₂ catalysts were characterized by using BET, SEM, XRD, H₂-TPR, and XPS analysis. Varying composition of Cu-ZnO-CeO₂ catlysts led the difference characteristics such as Cu dispersion, and binding energy. The optimum 10 wt% doping of cerium facilitated catalyst reduction at lower temperature and improved the catalyst performance greatly in terms of CO conversion. Cerium oxide added catalyst showed enhanced activities at higher temperature when it compared with the catalyst without cerium oxide. Consequently, ceria addition of optimal composition leads to enhanced catalytic activity which is attributed to enhanced Cu dispersion, lower binding energy, and hindered Cu metal agglomeration.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 2016

21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD), most common form of congenial adrenal hyperplasia, is categorized into classical forms, including the salt-wasting (SW) and the simple virilizing (SV) types, and nonclassical (NC) forms based on the severity of the disease. Newborn screening for 21-OHD has been performed in Korea since 2006. $17{\alpha}$-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) is a marker for 21-OHD and is measured using a radioimmunoassay or a fluoroimmunoassay. Premature and low birth weight infants are likely to give false positive 17-OHP findings, therefore, cutoff values for these infants should be determined based on gestational weeks or birth weight. ACTH simulation test is helpful when the 17-OHP shows equivocal increase, and it is gold standard for diagnosis of NC type. Recently, liquid chromatography linked with tandem mass spectrometry was developed for rapid, highly specific, and sensitive analysis of multiple analytes. Molecular analysis of CYP21A2 is useful for confirming diagnosis of mild SV or NC type, predicting prognoses, and genetic counseling. In order to make newborn screening for 21-OHD more efficient, early detection of boy with SW type, early determination of girl with ambiguous genitalia, detection of NC type, and overcoming of false positive in premature and low birth weight infants should be considered. Above all, early treatment should be started when the patient is suspected as having 21- OHD clinically before confirming the diagnosis to prevent adrenal crisis. Here, author reviewed recent articles of guideline and proposed guideline for 21-OHD.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.209-215
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• 2004

Objective: Embryonic stem (ES) cells could be differentiated into the specific cell types by alternation of culture condition and modification of gene expression. This study was performed to evaluate the differentiation protocol for mouse and human ES cells to insulin secreting cells. Methods: Undifferentiated mouse (JH-I) and human (Miz-hESI) ES cells were cultured on STO feeder layer, and embryoid bodies (EBs) were formed by suspension culture. For the differentiation, EBs were cultured by sequential system with three stage protocol. The differentiating ES cells were collected and marker gene expressions were analyzed by seIni-quantitative RT-PCR in each stage. Amount of secreted insulin levels in culture media of human ES cells were measured by human insulin specific RIA kit. Results: During the differentiation process of human ES cells, GATA-4, a-fetoprotein, glucose transporter-2 and Ngn-3 expression were increased whereas OctA was decreased progressively. Insulin and albuInin mRNAs were expressed from stage IT in mouse ES cells and from stage III in human ES cells. We detected 3.0~7.9 IlU/rnl secretion of insulin from differentiated human ES cells by in vitro culture for 36 days. Conclusion: The sequential culture system could induce the differentiation of mouse and human ES cells into insulin secreting cells. This is the fIrst report of differentiation of human ES cells into insulin secreting cells by in vitro culture with serum and insulin free medium.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2005

To investigate the influence of relaxin and insulin on the ovarian steroid secretion of porcine granulosa cells, we used porcine granulosa cells partially luteinized in a primary culture and examined the production of progesterone and $17{\beta}-estradiol$. Porcine granulosa cells were cultured in the presence of serum for 48 h after attachment and subsequently in the absence of serum fur 24 h. To confirm the dose dependency of relaxin or insulin, various concentrations (10, 100, 1000 ng/ml) of relaxin or insulin were added in the medium for the last 24 h, respectively. To investigate the combinational effect of relaxin and insulin, 100 ng/ml relaxin and/or 100 ng/ml insulin were added in the medium for the last 24 h in the presence or absence of luteinizing hormone (100 ng/ml). The medium was collected and used for radioimmunoassay to measure the production of progesterone and $17{\beta}-estradiol$. Relaxin or insulin increased the production of progesterone by dose dependency, respectively while they had no effect of the production of $17{\beta}-estradiol$. Relaxin (100 ng/ml) and/or insulin (100 ng/ml) significantly increased the production of progesterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone while they had no effect of the production of $17{\beta}-estradiol$. In conclusion, relaxin and/or insulin increased the progesterone secretion of porcine granulosa-lutein cells in vitro while had no effect on the production of $17{\beta}-estradiol$ and had no synergism on the effects. The effects of relaxin and/or insulin on the production of progesterone were augmented by the presence of luteinizing hormone.