• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제50권3호
• /
• pp.349-355
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 상처치유(wound healing)와 같은 허혈성 심뇌혈관 질환의 잠재적 치료제로서 산양삼 추출물과 진세노사이드 Rg5의 가능성을 인간 제대정맥 내피세포인 HUVEC에서 확인하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 산양삼 추출물과 Rg5는 10-100 nM의 저농도에서 혈관신생 과정에서 발생하는 세포의 증식이나 이동, 관 형성과정을 유의적으로 증진시켰으며, 그 증가현상은 산양삼 추출물과 Rg5가 유사한 수준으로 발생하였다. 따라서 Rg5를 이용하여 혈관신생 과정에 관여하는 신호전달 메커니즘을 확인한 결과, Akt/eNOS와 ERK1/2의 인산화는 양성대조군으로 사용한 VEGF와 유사한 수준으로 증가되는 것을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 혈관 신생 유도인자이며 양성대조군인 VEGF의 혈관염증 관련 부작용이 Rg5의 혈관신생 효과에도 작용하는지 확인하기 위하여 혈관염증 관련 단백질인 ICAM-1과 VCAM-1의 발현량을 확인한 결과, ICAM-1과VCAM-1의 발현이 양성대조군인 VEGF에서는 유의적으로 증가하였으나 Rg5를 처리한 경우에는 일반 대조군과 유사한 수준으로 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 산양삼 추출물과 Rg5가 혈관신생 유도효과가 있으며, 이러한 현상은 Akt/eNOS와 ERK 관련 신호전달 메커니즘을 통해 진행되고 이러한 효과가 혈관염증은 유도하지 않는다는 것을 입증하였으며, 잠재적 치료제로서의 가능성을 확인하는 계기가 되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.54-59
• /
• 2007

In this paper, we present evidence that the Korean red ginseng extract shows the immunomodulatory activities during postoperative chemotherapy after curative surgery in patients with advanced colon cancer. We measured the circulating interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8)and interleukin-10 (IL-10) as a immune modulator to evaluate the effect of Korean red ginseng. The mean preoperative value of IL-2 was similar in the non-RG group and the RG group (5.72 pg/ml versus 6.87 pg/ml, p>0.05). The mean value of IL-2 was compared with IL-2 from healthy control group, there was no significant difference (14.89 pg/ml versus 14.22 pg/ml, p>0.05). The mean preoperative value of IL-8 was higher in the non-RG group comparing with the RG group (30.92 pg/ml versus 36.25 pg/ml, p < 0.05). At postoperative 3 month, the mean values of IL-8 from non-RG and RG group down to 24.56 pg/ml and 21.46 pg/ml respectively. The IL-8 of RG group at 3 month showed no difference with that of HC group(21.46 pg/ml versus 16.31 pg/ml, p>0.05). The preoperative mean value of IL-10 of non-RG, RG and HC group was 11.56 pg/ml, 10.8 pg/ml, and 3.68 pg/ml respectively. At postoperative 3 month, the mean values of IL-10 from non-RG and RG group down to 8.45 pg/ml and 5.04 pg/ml respectively. In spite of decreasing IL-10 levels of both cancer Patients group with time, there was still significant difference with that of HC group (non-RG versus HC group, p=0.00, RC versus HC group, p=0.04). The results of this study suggest that the red ginseng extract may have some immunomodulatory properties associated with IL-2, IL-8 and IL-10 activity in patients with advanced colorectal cancer during postoperative chemotherapy. We think to need the further studies and a larger sample size to fully evaluate the antitumor effect of ginseng and need to establish this mechanism of action as well as identify the active components associated with antitumor activity and immunomodulation in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.134-139
• /
• 2004

In this study, an immunoactivity of panaxtriol ginsenosides Re and Rg1 against infection due to Candida albicans was investigated. The ginsenosides were extracted from Red Ginseng with 85% ethanol and heat-treatment and were analyzed by HPLC on water-acetonitrile as a mobile phase. The HPLC analysis revealed that the extract contained ginsenosides Re and Rg1, which were eluted as a combined peak. By agar diffusion susceptibility, the mixture of Re and Rg1 had no growth-inhibitory activity on C. albicans yeast cells. However, in animal tests BALB/c mice given the mixture of Re and Rg1 intraperitoneally (Lp.) before intravenous (Lv.) infection with live C. albicans yeast cells had longer mean survival times (MST) than MST of control mice groups that received only buffer solution instead of Re and Rg1. In experiments 60% of the ginsenosides-treated mice survived the entire duration of the 50-day observation. The Re and Rg1 mixture induced production of nitric oxide when interacted with RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. In addition, the mixture caused morphological change of the macrophages. These data indicate that immunostimulation by the Re and Rg1 may be responsible for the protection of mice against disseminated candidiasis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.117-121
• /
• 1995

We studied the effects of ginsenoside-$Rg_1$ (G-$Rg_1$) extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on $p56^{kk}$ kinase and cell proliferation in Jurkat T cells. $p56^{kk}$ was maximally activated within 5 min after the treatment of 16.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of G-$Rg_1$ increasing the activity by 1.2-2 times relative to untreated control, thereafter its activity was gradually decreased to the level of untreated control. The action of EGTA on the kinase was altered by the addition of G-$Rg_1$, accompanying the band shift of $p56^{kk}$ to $p60^{kk}$. In addition, G-$Rg_1$promoted cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that G-$Rg_1$ may be involved in T cell receptor-CD3 (TCR) signaling via the activation of $p56^{kk}$ and the chance of cellular calcium concentration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2014

Background: Although ginsenosides such as Rg1, Rb1 and Rg3 have shown promise as potential nutraceuticals for cognitive impairment, their use has been limited due to high production cost and low potency. In particular, the process of extracting pure Rg3 from ginseng is laborious and expensive. Methods: We described the methods in preparing ginseol k-g3, an Rg3-enriched fraction, and evaluated its effects on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Results: Ginseol k-g3 (25-200 mg/kg) significantly reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance, but not in Y-maze testing. Ginseol k-g3 (50 and 200 mg/kg) improved escape latency in training trials and increased swimming times within the target zone of the Morris water maze. The effect of ginseol k-g3 on the water maze task was more potent than that of Rg3 or Red ginseng. Acute or subchronic (6 d) treatment of ginseol k-g3 did not alter normal locomotor activity of mice in an open field. Ginseol k-g3 did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, unlike donezepil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Rg3 enrichment through the ginseol k-g3 fraction enhanced the efficacy of Rg3 in scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice as demonstrated in the Morris water maze task. Conclusion: The effects of ginseol k-g3 in ameliorating scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests indicate its specific influence on reference or long-term memory. The mechanism underlying the reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia by ginseol k-g3 is not yet known, but is not related to anticholinesterase-like activity.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국응용약물학회 1998년도 Proceedings of UNESCO-internetwork Cooperative Regional Seminar and Workshop on Bioassay Guided Isolation of Bioactive Substances from Natural Products and Microbial Products
• /
• pp.175-175
• /
• 1998

We reported a new processed ginseng with increased biological activities which is named as “sun ginseng (SG)”. Study on the saponin constituents of SG led to the isolation of seven new ginsenosides named as ginsenoside Rk$_1$, Rk$_2$, Rk$_3$, Rs$_4$, Rs$\_$5/, Rs$\_$6/ and Rs$\_$7/. Ginsenoside Rk$_1$, Rk$_2$ and Rk$_3$ were the Δ$\^$20(21),24(25)/-diene dammarane compounds, while ginsenoside Rs$_4$, Rs$\_$5/, Rs$\_$6/ and Rs$\_$7/ were mono-acetylated compounds. Many other ginsenosides which were reported as minor constituents of red ginseng were also isolated, which include 20(S)-Rg$_3$, 20(R)-Rg$_3$, Rg$\_$5/, Rg$\_$6/, F$_4$, Rh$_4$, 20(S)-Rs$_3$ and 20(R)-Rs$_3$. The major ginsenosides of SG were 20(S)-Rg$_3$, 20(R)-Rg$_3$, Rk$_1$ and Rg$\_$5/.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.22-27
• /
• 2014

Background: Research has been conducted with regard to the development of methods for improving the pharmaceutical effect of ginseng by conversion of ginsenosides, which are the major active components of ginseng, via high temperature or high-pressure processing. Methods: The present study sought to investigate the anticancer effect of heat-processed American ginseng (HAG) in human gastric cancer AGS cells with a focus on assessing the role of apoptosis as an important mechanistic element in its anticancer actions. Results and Conclusion: HAG significantly reduced the cancer cell proliferation, and the contents of ginsenosides Rb1 and Re were markedly decreased, whereas the peaks of less-polar ginsenosides [20(S,R)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5] were newly detected. Based on the activity-guided fractionation of HAG, ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 played a key role in inducing apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells, and it was generated mainly from ginsenoside Rb1. Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 induced apoptosis through activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, as well as regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that heat-processing serves as an increase in the antitumor activity of American ginseng in AGS cells, and ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, the active component produced by heat-processing, induces the activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, which contributes to the apoptotic cell death.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.99-106
• /
• 2008

A ligand - whether an endogenous hormone, neurotransmitter, exogenous toxin or synthetic drug - binds to plasma membrane proteins (e.g., ion channels, receptors or other functional proteins) to exert its physiological or pharmacological effects. Ligands can also have functional groups, showing stereospecificity for interaction sites on their counterpart plasma membrane proteins. Previous reports have shown that the ginsenoside Rg$_3$, a bioactive ginsenoside, meets these criteria in that: 1) an aliphatic side chain of $Rg_3$ plays a role as a functional group, 2) Rg$_3$ regulates voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels in a stereospecific manner with respect to carbon-20, and 3) $Rg_3$ regulates subsets of ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels through specific interactions with identified amino acid residues inside the channel pore, in the outer pore entryway, or in toxin binding sites. Rg$_3$, therefore, could be a candidate for a novel ginseng-derived glycosidic ligand regulating ion channels and receptors. This review will examine how Rg$_3$ regulates voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels through interactions with its target proteins in the plasma membrane. Hopefully, this review will advance understanding of ginseng pharmacology at the cellular and molecular levels.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2010

본 논문은 백삼 추출물의 코팅 처리에 의한 인삼 커피의 품질 특성에 대한 것으로 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 백삼 추출물 (WGC-2)의 농도에 따라 커피의 품질 속성을 실험하였다. 대조군과 $5^{\circ}$ Brix (WGC-1)와 $20^{\circ}$ Brix의 사포닌 농도는 8.29%, 8.74%와 8.93% 였고, WGC-1과 WGC-2의 총 진세노사이드 농도는 0.3 mg/g과 0.6 mg/g 였다. 특히 주요 진세노사이드 $Rg_1,\;Rg_2,\;Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Rg_2,\;Rh_1$와 $Rg_3$ 함량은 백삼 추출물의 농도에 따라 증가하였다. 커피 맛은 WGC-2가 상업적 커피콩보다 유의하게 낮았고, 소비자 관능 평가에서는 별 차이가 없다는 내용이다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.623-628
• /
• 2012

본 연구에서는 가정용 전자레인지를 이용하여 간편하고 신속하게 홍삼을 제조하고 제조된 홍삼의 이화학적 특성을 조사하고자 하였다. 홍삼 제조 방법은 가정용 전자레인지의 '해동기능' 13분(A), 가정용 전자레인지의 '조리기능' 6분(B), 가정용 전자레인지의 '해동기능' 44분(C)로 하였다. 전자레인지로 제조된 홍삼의 외관, 분말의 색, 사포닌 조성, 홍삼 제조 시 용출된 사포닌의 양 등을 기존의 일반 홍삼과 비교하였다. 가정용 전자레인지의 '조리기능' 6분(B)과 '해동기능' 44분(C)으로 만든 홍삼은 일반 홍삼과 유사한 색을 가졌다. 전자레인지에 의한 홍삼 제조 시에는 기존 일반 홍삼 제조에 비해 사포닌 손실이 거의 없었다. 전자레인지 홍삼의 총페놀 함량은 일반 홍삼과 유사하였으며, 전자레인지 홍삼의 진세노사이드 함량은 일반 홍삼보다 높았다. 전자레인지 홍삼(A, B)의 진세노사이드 $Rg_1$, Re, Rf, $Rg_2+Rh_1$, $Rb_1$, Rc, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rd, $Rg_3$ 함량은 일반 홍삼보다 높았으며, 해동 기능 44분의 홍삼(C)은 진세노사이드 $Rg_1$, Re, $Rg_2+Rh_1$, Rc, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rd, $Rg_3$의 값이 일반 홍삼보다 높았다. 본 연구에서는 가정용 전자레인지를 이용하여 신속하고 간편하게 고기능성의 홍삼을 만드는 방법을 살펴보았고 이로써 인삼 소비 증진 등이 기대된다.