• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2002.10b
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• pp.371-372
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• 2002

It is well known that red blood cells (RBCs) are suffered from chronic stresses in systemic circulation. The objective of this study is to clarify the effect of the aging of RBCs on rheological properties and hemolysis. Initially, RBCs age fractionation was performed by using a high-speed centrifugation (15[min] at 1500[G]), then young and aged RBCs were suspended in plasma to adjust the hematocrit level of 40[%]. After this pretreatment, the viscosity was measured by using a capillary type and a cone-plate type viscometers, respectively, and the hemolysis test was carried out by a seesaw type shaker. Results from these experiments showed that the viscosity of the aged RBCs measured by the capillary viscometer was increased by 10[%] as compared with that of the young RBCs. Under the condition of all shear zones, the viscosity of the aged RBCs was increased in case of using the cone-plate type viscometer. And the hemolytic level was increased twice as the aging. The data obtained in this study indicated that the ability of aggregation of RBCs was increased and the deformability of RBCs membrane got lower with the aging. Furthermore, it was exhibited that the fragility of RBCs ’ membrane was increased with the aging.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2012

In this paper, we present a method to automatically quantify the three-dimensional (3D) volume of red blood cells (RBCs) using off-axis digital holographic microscopy. The RBCs digital holograms are recorded via a CCD camera using an off-axis interferometry setup. The RBCs' phase image is reconstructed from the recorded off-axis digital hologram by a computational reconstruction algorithm. The watershed segmentation algorithm is applied to the reconstructed phase image to remove background parts and obtain clear targets in the phase image with many single RBCs. After segmenting the reconstructed RBCs' phase image, all single RBCs are extracted, and the 3D volume of each single RBC is then measured with the surface area and the phase values of the corresponding RBC. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method to automatically calculate the 3D volume of RBC, two typical shapes of RBCs, i.e., stomatocyte/discocyte, are tested via experiments. Statistical distributions of 3D volume for each class of RBC are generated by using our algorithm. Statistical hypothesis testing is conducted to investigate the difference between the statistical distributions for the two typical shapes of RBCs. Our experimental results illustrate that our study opens the possibility of automated quantitative analysis of 3D volume in various types of RBCs.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1505-1509
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• 2004

The suspension of hardened red blood cells (RBCs) differs from the suspension of normal RBCs with respect to their rheological behavior. The deformability of normal and hardened RBCs (obtained by heating blood at $49^{\circ}C$ or by incubating RBCs in a solution of hydrogen peroxide) was measured with a slit diffractometer and RBC suspension viscosity was measured with a rotational viscometer. The peroxide-treated RBCs showed a significant decrease of the deformability and their suspension viscosity increased over a range of shear rates. The suspension viscosity of the heated RBCs, however, where the deformability is even lower than that of the peroxide-treated RBCs, was slightly higher than that of the normal RBC suspension in the high shear rates. The present study found that not all rigid cells cause an increase of blood viscosity at high shear rate, and therefore that decreased membrane deformability is not predictive of high-shear blood viscosity.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1510-1515
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• 2004

Aggregability of red blood cells (RBCs) was determined by a laser backscattering light analysis in a microfluidic channel. Available techniques for RBC aggregation often adopt a rotational Couette-flow using bob-and-cup system for disaggregating RBCs, which causes the system to be complex and expensive. A disposable microfluidic channel and vibration generating mechanism were used in the proposed new detection system for RBC aggregation. Prior to measurement, RBC aggregates in a blood sample were completely disaggregated by applying vibration-induced shear. With the present apparatus, the aggregation indexes of RBCs can be easily measured with small quantities of blood sample. The measurements with the present aggregometer were compared with those of LORCA and showed a strong correlation between them. The aggregability of the defibrinogenated blood RBCs is markedly lower than that of the normal RBCs. The noble feature of this design is the vibration-induced disaggregation mechanism, which enables to incorporate disposable element that holds the blood sample.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.529-538
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• 1995

It has been believed that the increased release of free oxygen radicals ($O_2^-,H_2O_2$, and $OH^-$) might be a factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX) and catalase can protect the tissue damage from the $H_2O_2$. In order to investigate the GSH-PX and catalase activity in the blood plasma and red blood cells(RBCs) of the patients with periodontitis, 19 patients who had good general health, attachment loss more than 6 mm and bone loss were selected as periodontitis group, 7 patients who had severely inflamed gingiva were selected as gingivitis group, and 15 volunteers with good general and periodontal health were selected as normal group. 17 of 26 patients were performed scaling and root planing to reduce the gingival inflammation for gingivitis and periodontitis groups, and were selected as posttreatment group. After blood plasma and RBCs were collected and separated 1 ml of peripheral blood from each subject, GSH-PX activity in blood plasma and RBCs was measured by the same method that Stefan et al. did, and catalase activity in RBCs was measured by the same method that Beers et al. did. The difference of GSH-PX and catalase activity between normal, gingivitis, and periodontitis groups was statistically analyzed by ANOVA with SPSS/PC+ program, and the difference between pretreatment and posttreatment groups was analyzed by Student t-test. The results were as follows : 1. GSH-PX activity in blood plasma was significantly lower in the gingivitis group($0.8683{\pm}0.0658$), periodontitis group($0.7130{\pm}0.1333$) than in the normal group($1.0241{\pm}0.0801$)(p<0.05), and GSH-PX activity in RBCs was significantly lower in the gingivitis groupt. $0.8156{\pm}0.1167$), periodontitis group($0.7533{\pm}0.1185$) than in the normal group($l.1963{\pm}0.2044$)(P<0.05), but there was no statistical significance in the difference of GSH-PX activity in RBCs between the gingivitis group and periodontitis group(p>0.05). 2. Catalase activity in RBCs was siginficantly lower in the periodontitis group($117.34{\pm}35.01$) than in the normal group($l52.38{\pm}32.09$)(p<0.05). 3. GSH-PX activity in blood plasma was significantly increased in the posttreatment groupe $1.0376{\pm}0.2820$) compared to the pretreatment group(0.7608 0.1600) (p<0.05), and GSH-PX activity in RBC was significantly increased in the posttreatment group($1.0421{\pm}0.2330$) compared to the pretreatment group($0.7728{\pm}0.1210$)(p<0.05). 4. There was no statistical significance in the difference of catalase activity in RBCs between the pretreatment group($112.04{\pm}43.65$) and posttreatment group($l33.41{\pm}39.16$)(p>0.05).The results, within the limits of the present experiment, suggest that the lowered activity of GSH-PX and catalase in blood plasma and RBCs may be related with periodontopathogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.724-729
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• 1999

Amino acids, Na, K and glutathione (GSH) in red blood cells (RBCs) and hematological indices were examined in Korean dogs. A total of seven dogs possessing RBCs with high K and high glutathione (GSH)(HK/HG) were found in 42 Korean dogs : three from Cheju dog, two from Jindo dog and two from Korean mongrel. The RBCs in Korean HK/HG dog contained abnormally high aspartate (Asp), Glu and glutamine (Gln) the same as in HK/HG RBCs from Japanese Shiba dog. Two dogs possessing RBCs with HK and low GSH (HK/LG) were found in Cheju dog, and they accumulated Asp and Gln. Thus, not only the existence of HK dog was confirmed in Korean dogs, but HK/LG dog was also found. The Asp concentration in RBCs from seven of 33 LK dogs was more than $1000{\mu}mol/lc$, the same as in variant LK RBCs with defective Glu/Asp transport (LK/GAT), while it was less than $800{\mu}mol/lc$ in normal LK RBCs. Thus, there were variant dogs having RBCs with abnormally high amino acids accumulation among HK and LK Korean dogs.

• The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.291-300
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• 2018

Background: The use of a functionally closed system for the glycerolization and deglycerolization of red blood cells (RBCs) allows for prolonged post-thaw storage for more than 24 hours. The aim of this study was to assess glycerolization and deglycerolization processing for RBCs using a high glycerol method in the automated, closed system provided by Haemonetics ACP 215. Methods: Thirty-five packed RBCs were glycerolized using the ACP 215 to a final concentration of 40% (wt/vol). The units were either frozen as such (n=30) or excess glycerol was removed (n=5) before freezing. After storage at $-80^{\circ}C$, the units were thawed, deglycerolized and resuspended in SAG-M. The frozen-thawed RBCs were stored at $4^{\circ}C$, and analyzed for their stability and in vitro quality. Results: No prefreeze excess glycerol removal units showed significantly less potassium leakage during post-thaw storage compared to the prefreeze excess glycerol removal units. All measurements of the stability and in vitro quality of thawed RBCs prepared from frozen RBCs without the prefreeze removal of excess glycerol during post-thaw storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 days were acceptable to the American Blood Bank Association's standards and European standards. Conclusion: RBCs frozen without prefreeze removal of excess glycerol and the ACP 215 simplifies cryopreservation procedure and increases the stability of frozen-thawed RBCs. This increases the practical applicability of cryopreserved RBCs in blood transfusion practice.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.887-893
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• 2005

The aggregability of red blood cells (RBCs) was determined by laser backscattering light analysis in a microfluidic channel. Available techniques for RBC aggregation often adopt a rotational Couette-flow using a bob-and-cup system for disaggregating RBCs, which causes the system to be complex and expensive. A disposable microfluidic channel and vibration generating mechanism were used in the proposed new detection system for RBC aggregation. Prior to measurement, RBC aggregates in a blood sample were completely disaggregated by the application of vibration-induced shear. With the present apparatus, the aggregation indexes of RBCs can be measured easily with small quantities of a blood sample. The measurements with the present aggregometer were compared with those of LORCA and the results showed a strong correlation between them. The aggregability of the defibrinogenated blood RBCs is markedly lower than that of the normal RBCs. The noble feature of this design is the vibration-induced disaggregation mechanism, which can incorporate the disposable element that holds the blood sample.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to obtain the fundamental data for health assessment of cultured fishes. A series of hematological studies and blood chemistries were made on cultured israeli carps from May, 1988 to May, 1989. The results of this study were as followings : 1. The blood constituents of healthy carps were Hct $32{\pm}3.4%$, Hb $8.3{\pm}0.9g/l$, RBCs $132{\pm}27.6({\times}10^4cm^3)$), Total protein $2.7{\pm}0.7g/dl$, GOT $143{\pm}19.5U$, GPT $50{\pm}14.2U$, Total glucose $70{\pm}12.6mg/dl$ and BUN $7.5{\pm}1.9mg/dl$, etc. 2. The blood constituents by change of water temperature with the control of $23^{\circ}C$ showed the decrease in Hct and RBCs at $18^{\circ}C$, and the increase in Hct, RBCs and glucose at $28^{\circ}C$. 3. The blood constituents by change of dissolved oxigen with the control of 4.5ppm showed the increase in Hct and RBCs at 3ppm, and the decrease in Hct and RBCs at 7ppm. 4. In the case of intramuscular injection of Streptococcus sp. with $10^6cells$/fish infection dose, there showed marked decrease in Hct, RBCs, glucose and BUN with inflammatory reaction, and the fishes were recovered in 16 days. 5. In the case on intraperitoneal injection of Streptococcus sp. with $10^4cells$/fish infection dose, there showed decrease in Hct, RBCs and BUN with inflammatory reaction, but there were no dead cases. 6. In the case of intramuscular injection of Edwardsilla tarda with $1.2{\times}10^8cells$/fish infection dose, there showed decrease in Hct and RBCs, and increase in TCHO, GOT, GPT and BUN with marked inflammatory reaction, and 60% of inoculated fishes were died within 3 or 4 days.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.229-233
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• 2015

Background: Although water chambers are often used as surrogate blood-warming devices to facilitate rapid warming of red blood cells (RBCs), these cells may be damaged if overheated. Moreover, filtered and irradiated RBCs may be damaged during the warming process, resulting in excessive hemolysis and extracellular potassium release. Methods: Using hand-held syringes, each unit of irradiated and leukocyte-filtered RBCs was rapidly passed through a water chamber set to different temperatures (baseline before blood warming, $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, and $70^{\circ}C$). The resulting plasma potassium and free hemoglobin levels were then measured. Results: Warming RBCs to $60^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$ induced significant increases in free hemoglobin (median [interquartile ranges] = 60.5 mg/dl [34.9-101.4] and 570.2 mg/dl [115.6-2289.7], respectively). Potassium levels after warming to $70^{\circ}C$ ($31.4{\pm}7.6mEq/L$) were significantly higher compared with baseline ($29.7{\pm}7.1mEq/L$; P = 0.029). Potassium levels were significantly correlated with storage duration after warming to $50^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ (r = 0.450 and P = 0.001; r = 0.351 and P = 0.015, respectively). Conclusions: Rapid warming of irradiated leukoreduced RBCs to $50^{\circ}C$ may not further increase the extracellular release of hemoglobin or potassium. However, irradiated leukoreduced RBCs that have been in storage for long periods of time and contain higher levels of potassium should be infused with caution.