• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-52
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• 1992

Since the first sewage treatment plant was constructed in 1976, the sewerage systems of Korea have been rapidly expanded. As of the end of 1991, 22 sewage treatment plants with total capacity of 5.4 million tons/day are in operation which is equivalent of 3395 total daily sewage generation. Total extension of sewer 39.534 km in 1990 which is 55% of the target extension for the year 2001. However, the most sewage treatment plants employ activated sludge process which may not be suitable for medium and/or small scale plants. The poor existing sewer systems do not effectively collect and transport sewage to adversely affect the function of sewage treatment plant. To select the appropriate treatment system, the cities are classified into 3 categories such as large and medium size inland cities, small size cities and coastal cities. Considering the criteria suggested during this study, appropriate treatment processes were selected for each category. Conventional activated sludge process and step aeration process were found to be the most appropriate for big inland cities while biological nutrient removal processes should be considered for the cities discharge the effluent to lakes or reservoirs. RBC or Oxidation Ditch process might be appropriate for the medium size cities while several processes which do not require skilled operation and maintenance were suggested for the small cities. Ocean discharge after primary treatment can be considered for some east coast cities, Appropriate methodology to rehabilitate the existing sewers and strategy to convert combined sewer system to separate sewer system were proposed. This paper also include the appropriate management system for industrial wastewater, sludge and nightsoil.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.255-259
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• 1993

The efficacy of the autotransfusion system is a reducing the need of intraoperative and postoperative transfusion in cardiovascular surgery. Between January 1990 and December 1991, we experienced 23 cases of autotransfusion using Haemonetic Cell Saver in cardiovascular surgery [Experimental group]. Another 13 cases which were taken similiar operations without Cell Saver during same period [Control group]. The amounts of blood transfused are 4.23 1.84 units in Control group, 2.82 1.84 units in Experimental group. Postoperatively, both groups showed decreased platelet counts, mild prolongation of prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time compred to preoperative value [P<0.001], but there were no significant differences between two group [P=NS]. Plasma hemoglobin was markedly increased in Experimental group compared with Control group [p<0.05]. In Experimental group, amount of average processed blood by Cell Saver was 700ml of which composition was hemoglobin 17mg/dl, hematocrit 50.0%, RBC 5,590,000/ml, WBC 7500/ml, and platelet 40,000/ml. The culture of the processed blood revealed no growth of the organisms. Conclusively, Cell Saver autotransfusion system is a simple, safe, and cost effective method especially in the cases associated with massive bleeding. However, it requires familiarity with system, gentle manipulation of suction tip, and careful selection of candidates to obtain maximal benefits .

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.340-345
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possibility of application of pediatric hemodialysis system to dogs weighing less than 6 kg. Six healthy dogs (B .W, 3-6 kg) were used_ Experimental end-stage renal failure was induced by bilateral nephrectomy or bilateral ligation of ure-ters. Hemodialysis was performed when blood urea nitrogen (BUN) value increased over 90 mg/dl and every other day thereafter. Daily investigated parameters included clinical clinical signs such as vomiting, fecal appearance and activity and laboratory data such as PCV, WBC, RBC, BUN, creatinine, Ca, P, $Na^+ Cl^-and K^+$During hemodialysis treatment, BUN and creatinine values were measured hourly. Severe vomiting and inappetence were shown 2 days after infliction of kidney disorder and melena and mucous faces were observed 3 days. The signs were not corrected by hemodialysis treatment. Avel- age hemodialysis treatment time was $5.5 {\times} 0.7$,/TEX> hours until BUN value decreased to normal range. Abnor- mal hematological and electrolytes values were reduced within normal levels after hemodialysis treatments. The complications oft hemodialysis included vomiting, nausea, obstruction of intravascular catheter, tremor, seizure, temporary visual loss and continued decrease in PCV It is suggested that pediatric hemedialysis system can be applied to acute renal failure and acute toxicity. Further works on improvements in maintaining patency of catheter and in managing the complications of hemo- dialysis should be conducted.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.2 no.1_2
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• pp.33-42
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• 1987

Experiments were performed to investigate effects of ethanol and saccharin on the immune system in rats. 4% ethanol and 0.02, 0.20, 2.00% saccharin solution in 4% ethanol were provided ad libitum by tap water for 4 weeks. Rats were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (S-RBC). Immune responses were evaluated by relative immuno organ weight, antibody production, Arthus reaction, delayed type hypersensitivity, and rosette forming cell. Ethanol exposure decreased thymus weight and delayed type hypersensitivity. A combined solution of ethanol and saccharin decreased water intake, growth rate, spleen weight, thymus weight, humoral and cellular immune response. Especially, a 2% saccharin solution in 4% ethanol very significantly suppressed cellular immunity.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.3 no.3_4
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• pp.17-28
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• 1988

The effects of perilla oil diet on the immune response in mice have been studied. ICR male mice were divided into 4 groups and were fed on the experimental diet for 4 weeks. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cell (S-RBC). Immune response were evaluated by antibody production, Arthus reaction, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), Rosette forming cell (RFC) and macrophage activity. The weight of body, liver, thymus and spleen were measured. The body weight was increased but thymus weight was not altered by them. The perilla oil diet decreased the weight of liver and spleen in mice. It reduced antibody production, Arthus reaction, DTH and RFC, macrophage activity. These results showed that the high perilla oil diet decresed more humoral and celluar immune response than the low perilla oil diet. It decreased the phagocytic activity on the reticuloendothelial system in mice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.483-483
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• 2012

Recently, nonthermal bioplasma has been attracted by researchers due to their potentials to modulate cellular functions resulting in changes of biomolecular electron band structures as well as cell morphologies. We have investigated the secondary electron emission characteristics from the surface of the erythrocyte, i.e., red blood cell (RBC) with and without the nonthermal bioplasma treatment in morphological and biomolecular aspects. The morphologies have been controlled by osmotic pressure and biomolecular structures were changed by well known reactive oxygen species. Ion-induced secondary electron emission coefficient have been measured by using gamma-focused ion beam (${\gamma}$-FIB) system, based on the quantum mechanical Auger neutralization theory. Our result suggests that the nonthermal bioplasma treatment on biological cells could result in change of the secondary electron emission coefficient characterizing the biomolecular valence band electron energy structures caused by the cell morphologies as well as its surface charge distributions.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.261-271
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• 1997

Ammonia removal capacities of five submerged filter media, 2~3mm sand, 30~50mm gravel, 20~40mm coral sand, polythylene net, and corrugated plastic plate in a seawater recirculating system were tested. A rotating biological contactor (RBC) was also tested for comparison. Oxygen consumption rates were measured along with the ammonia removal efficiencies. The ammonia concentrations in the system were maintained from 0.052 to 0.904 mg/l (mean 0.338$\pm$0.219 mg/l) and the water temperature was ranged from 19.2 to $21.4^{\circ}C\;(mean 20.2^{\circ}C\pm0.58^{\circ}C$). The 1/2-order kinetic model (Y:g/$m^3$/day) and the mean ammonia removal rates (g/$m^3$/day) of the filter media were : Sand : Y=135.5X0.5-25.1(r2=0.8110), 45.1 Coral sand : Y=125.1X0.5-33.0 (r2=0.7307), 31.8 Polyethylene net : Y=87.4X0.5-20.1 (r2=0.6780), 25.2 Corrugated plastic plate : Y=87.4X0.5-20.1(r2=0.5206), 19.2 Gravel : Y=4307X0.5-5.5 (r2=0.2596), 17.1 RBC : Y=127.6X0.5-33.4 (r2=0.7146), 32.8 where X is the concentration of ammonia. Oxygen consumption rates well corresponded to the ammonia removal capacities of each filter medium, thus the sands showing the highest value (442g/$m^3$/day) followed by coral sands (291.1g/$m^3$/day), polyethylene nets (236.9g/$m^3$/day), gravels (135.6g/$m^3$/day) and corrugated plastic plates (134.2g/$m^3$/day). Oxygen consumption rate of the RBC was unable to measure because of the characteristics of the structure.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.469-475
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• 2002

The rotating biological contactor (RBC) was tested for treatment of aquacultural water in a pilot-scale recirculating aquaculture system. Performance of RBC on the treatment of nitrogen source such as total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (CODcr.) was evaluated. A system was stocked with nile tilapia at an initial rearing densities of $5\%$ and $7\%$ over 30 days. As increasing rearing density from $5\%$ to $7\%$, the TAN removal rates was increased from $39.4 g/m^3{\cdot}day$ to $86.0 g/m^3{\cdot}day$. But TAN removal efficiency was decreased from $24.5\%$ to $16.0\%$. The removal rate of $COD_Cr$ was higher than TAN. The RBC as an aerator was also evaluated for increasing dissolved oxygen concentration. For $5\%$ and $7\%$ of rearing density, the average aeration rate were $280 g/m^3{\cdot}day$ and $255 g/m^3{\cdot}day$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.46-57
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• 2000

Objectives : The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of subacute treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(paroxetine and sertraline) on immobility in the forced swim test(FST) and on FST-induced changes in immune parameters of the mice. Methods : Authors applied a modified method of FST by Porsolt et al. Over 5 BALB/c mice were used for each group of experiments. To explore the changes in immune parameters by FST, authors investigated the production of anti-rat RBC antibody, concanavalin A(ConA)- or lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated splenocytes proliferation assay and cytokine gene expression. Results : Both paroxetine and sertraline decreased the duration of immobility in a dose-related manner. FST-performed mice showed a significant decrease in mitogenic responses of splenocytes and a slight increasing tendency in anti-rat RBC antibody response. All these responses were attenuated significantly by paroxetine and attenuated nearly nominal significance level by sertraline. The cytokine profiles of ConA-stimulated splenocytes from FST-performed mice showed stronger expression of IL-4 and weaker expression of IL-2 than control mice, and no changes in the expressions of IFN-$\gamma$ and lymphotoxin. IL-6 and IL-10 were not expressed in both group of mice. The pretreatment of paroxetine and sertraline attenuated the altered cytokine expressions in FST-performed mice to some extent. Some alterations of the expressions of IL-6 and IL-10 were observed in the mice which the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors had been pretreated. Conclusion : The subacute treatment of paroxetine and sertraline attenuated the FST-induced behavioral and immune changes, and these serotonin reuptake inhibitors may exert some modulating effects on the immune system by the induction of cytokine gene expression, especially IL-6 and IL-10.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.344-356
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• 2002

Purpose: RBC blood pool SPECT has been used to diagnose focal liver lesion such as hemangioma owing to its high specificity. However, low spatial resolution is a major limitation of this modality. Recently, ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) has been introduced to obtain tomographic images for clinical application. We compared this new modified iterative reconstruction method, OSEM with conventional filtered back projection (FBP) in imaging of liver hemangioma. Materials and Methods: Sixty four projection data were acquired using dual head gamma camera in 28 lesions of 24 patients with cavernous hemangioma of liver and these raw data were transferred to LINUX based personal computer. After the replacement of header file as interfile, OSEM was performed under various conditions of subsets (1,2,4,8,16, and 32) and iteration numbers (1,2,4,8, and 16) to obtain the best setting for liver imaging. The best condition for imaging in our investigation was considered to be 4 iterations and 16 subsets. After then, all the images were processed by both FBP and OSEM. Three experts reviewed these images without any information. Results: According to blind review of 28 lesions, OSEM images revealed at least same or better image quality than those of FBP in nearly all cases. Although there showed no significant difference in detection of large lesions more than 3 cm, 5 lesions with 1.5 to 3 cm in diameter were detected by OSEM only. However, both techniques failed to depict 4 cases of small lesions less than 1.5 cm. Conclusion: OSEM revealed better contrast and define in depiction of liver hemangioma as well as higher sensitivity in detection of small lesions. Furthermore this reconstruction method dose not require high performance computer system or long reconstruction time, therefore OSEM is supposed to be good method that can be applied to RBC blood pool SPECT for the diagnosis of liver hemangioma.