• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.119-136
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• 2014

This work aims to select the potentially vulnerable plant species against climate change at alpine and subalpine belts of Mts. Sorak, Jiri, and Halla, from central, southern, southern insular high mountains of the Korean Peninsula, respectively. The selection of global warming related vulnerable plants were performed by adapting various criteria, such as flora, endemicity, rarity, floristically specific and valuable species, species composition at mountain summits, horizontal and vertical ranges of individual species, and their distributional pattern in the Korean Peninsula. Line and quadrat field surveys along the major trails from all directions at height above 1,500 meters above sea level of Mts, Sorak, Jiri and Halla were conducted each year during spring, summer, and autumn from 2010 to 2011. Based upon above mentioned eight criteria, high level of climate change related potentially vulnerable arboral plants, such as Rhododendron aureum, Taxus caespitosa, Pinus pumila, Oplopanax elatus, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Thuja koraiensis are noticed from at subalpine belt of Mt. Sorak. Species of Abies koreana, Rhododendron tschonoskii, Oplopanax elatus, Taxus cuspidata, Picea jezoensis, and Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii belong to climate change concerned vulnerable species at subalpine belt of Mt. Jiri. High level of climate change related species vulnerability is found at alpine and subalpine belts of Mt. Halla from Diapensia lapponica var. obovata, Salix blinii, Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum, Vaccinium uliginosum, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, Taxus cuspidata, Rhamnus taquetii, Abies koreana, Hugeria japonica, Prunus buergeriana, and Berberis amurensis var. quelpartensis. Countermeasures to save the global warming vulnerable plants in situ are required.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.177-188
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• 2008

Attempts to develope designation criteria for ecological protected areas were made for rational and scientific designation and management of 'ecosystem and landscape conservation areas', 'wetland protection areas', 'special islands protection areas', and 'wildlife protected areas' which have been designated and managed by the Ministry of Environment. Through analysis of the requisites and criteria of IUCN, UNESCO, Natura 2000, the Ramsar convention, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany as well as various academic researches, evaluation items of the protected areas were classified into naturalness, biodiversity, ecosystem, and scientific values. These classification titles are reflection of Korean laws concerning the 4 protected areas described above. Of these items 'naturalness' is composed of 3 factors of wilderness, geomorphology and landscape, and vegetation. 'Biodiversity' is composed of the 5 factors of species diversity, endangered species, rare species, indigenous biological resources, and habitat of wetland wild animals. 'Ecosystem' is composed of 5 factors of typicalness, diversity, rarity, restoration ability, and degree of interference. All factors are scored using a 3 point scale of high, middle, or low and are then transformed into the numerical index for designating and zoning purposes. Conclusively, it is expected that the developed methodology will be highly applicable with field verifications.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2017

Background. Ever since the first report of deltopectoral flap in pharyngo-esophageal reconstruction in 1965, various methods of flap reconstruction have been introduced, allowing surgical eradication of tumors that were once thought to be inoperable. Despite these advancement, many literatures emphasize distant metastasis and second primary malignancies as the most important factors that contribute to the low 5-year survival rate of the patients. Specific consensus about defining second primary cancer is still debatable, due to small number of reports regarding second primary tumors arising in flaps used for reconstruction of defects in the head and neck region. Case. We report a case of a 72-year-old male patient who, under the diagnosis of hypopharyngeal cancer, underwent total laryngectomy with partial pharyngectomy, extended right radical neck dissection with extended left lateral neck dissection, right hemithyroidectomy and radial forearm free flap reconstruction on June 16, 2003. After 37 cycles of radiation therapy, the patient exhibited no sign of recurrence. The patient revisited our department on June 14, 2016 with chief complaint of dysphagia that started two months before the visit. Radiologic studies and histology revealed squamous cell carcinoma in neopharynx, one that had been reconstructed with forearm free flap. Conclusion. Until now, only a handful of reports regarding patients with second primary cancer in reconstructed flaps have been described. Despite its rarity, diagnostic criteria for second primary cancer should always kept in consideration for patients with recurred tumor.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.55-58
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• 2017

Background. Lymphoma of the vocal fold is extremely rare due to low lymphoid content in the larynx. To date, fewer than 100 cases of laryngeal lymphoma have been reported; however, none of these literatures are concerned about exclusive laryngeal involvement of recurred lymphoma which initially appeared in other body sites. Specific consensus about management for these patients yet to exist, due to its rare occurrence; however, the main modality of treatment is chemotherapy alone or in combination with radiation therapy. Case. Herein, we report a case of a 51-year-old female patient who had recurrent T-cell lymphoma developing in bilateral vocal folds. The patient was originally diagnosed of T-cell lymphoma in right colic flexure 10 years ago, and was cured by chemotherapy. Immunohistochemical stain revealed the histologic type of recurred tumor in the vocal folds that are identical to the previously cured lymphoma. Conclusion. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first case that recurrent lymphoma occurred solely in the vocal folds. Despite its rarity, lymphoma should be put in the index of suspicion among those patients with decreased vocal fold mucosal wave without definite vocal fold mass who had a history of cured lymphoma.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.138-143
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• 2015

Glycogen storage disease type IX (GSD IX) is caused by a defect in phosphorylase b kinase (PhK) that results from mutations in the PHKA2, PHKB, and PHKG2 genes. Patients usually manifest recurrent ketotic hypoglycemia with growth delay, but some may present simple hepatomegaly. Although GSD IX is one of the most common causes of GSDs, its biochemical and genetic diagnosis has been problematic due to its rarity, phenotypic overlap with other types of GSDs, and genetic heterogeneities. In our report, a 22-month-old boy with GSD IX is described. No other manifestations were evident except for hepatomegaly. His growth and development also have been proceeding normally. Diagnosed was made by histologic examination, an enzyme assay, and genetic testing with known c.3210_3212del (p.Arg1070del) mutation in PHKA2 gene.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.665-667
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• 1999

We report a case of ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm in 48-year-old male, presenting the symptom of congestive heart failure. Echocardiography showing a hairpin-like sac ex tended from the left coronary sinus to the left ventricle adjacent to the anterior mitral valve leaflet, suggested ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm or aorto-left ventricular tunnel. Operative findings revealed that left sinus of Valsalva aneurysm had multiple openings faced left ventricle, 7 mm in diameter, 20 mm in length. The proximal opening was closed with bovine pericardium and distal openings were closed with spaghetti pledgeted reinforced sutures. The patient was discharged on the 14th postoperative day, and follow up for 8 months uneventfully. This case was reported for its rarity and to describe the techniques of surgical repair.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.111-118
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• 2010

This paper attempts to establish a scoring system for the originality in evaluation of mathematical creativity. The scoring system is composed of three categories; fluency, flexibility and originality. In this paper, we proposed an evaluation method for originality as following based on relative frequency and standard normal distribution. (1) Fluency: It is judged on the basis of the number of correct answers a student made. If several correct answers are given for a single category, then its maximum score is set to 5 points. (2) Flexibility: We examined how many categories the students' responses can be classified into. If at most 15 answers are allowed for each question, the maximum score of flexibility is 15 points. (3) Originality: Originality score is given if a student made some original response that other students did not show. That is, it reflects relative rarity. The originality is measured according to the following steps: Step 1: Analyze the frequency of how many students made an answer to the response type categorized at low level, and calculate the relative frequency p of each category. Step 2: Find the originality point os for each response, that is, os = max{0,z} where z satisfies P(Z > z) = p with standard normal distributed random variable Z. For example, - p is greater than 0.5: 0 point - p is 0.1587: 1 point - p is 0.0228: 2 points - p is 0.0013: 3 points Step 3: Assign the one's originality score to the sum of originality point for each response. Remark. There is no upper limit of originality score.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.29-51
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• 2001

The purpose of this research is to analyze of biotope structure focused on the evaluation for the species and biotope preservation in the case of Soosung District in Daegu metropolitan city. We analyzed the structure of urban biotope, and investigated the disposition of space and several characteristics through the material collection relating to the existing urban ecological material and the field investigation. The results of this study were as follows; 1) The result of biotope type classification was divided into 17 biotope type groups and 90 biotope types belonging to them. 2) The biotope type of mixed forest(QD) has the highest rate in occupation area, 1.764ha and the biotope type of cultivation areas by vinyle-hothouse(KC) has the lowest rate, 0.3ha. 3) In the result of the first evaluation for the species and biotope preservation, biotope types such as QB, QI, PA, PB, NB and NC etc. possess great value. Particulary, these biotope types come from forest areas and transition zone. They have not appeared in the inner of cities. 4) The biotope types such as CA, NA, NB, ND and PB are proved to possess high value in the result of rarity and riskiness evaluation. There appear EE, MA, NB, QC and QD in IV grade which is impossible to have them regenerative. They usually have appeared in forest areas. 5) There emerge 3a biotope type that has the highest value in the result of the second evaluation such as CC, EE, KF, LD, MB, NC, PB, QB and QI etc. Most of them were presented into the large area of site size and were distributed in the forest areas intensively. So, it is certain that the space for the species and biotope preservation connected with residential district is scarce. 6) The detailed biotope plan must be made out specially continuously. It is about biotope spaces that are especially important for the species and biotope preservation from the result of this research. Also, the study on the detailed index settlement of the urban landscape plan based on the biotope map must be continued.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2011

The tidal flats of Korea today have reduced by 40% in size compared to 1964. To manage this important habitat properly, development of well-organized and nationwide-applicable grading systems is required. There have been several assessment systems proposed previously in Korea, but they are critically flawed in that selected biological indicators are not adequate and grading criteria are obscure and arbitrary. We reviewed the indicators used in these previous evaluation systems (e.g., diversity indices, quantity and quality of benthic macrofauna, halophytes, water birds, etc.) and subsequently proposed new indicators and an improved grading scheme. For the quantitative assessment of macrobenthic community, biomass reflecting production and ecosystem function is recommended over density, which is much less discriminatory among habitats. Of biodiversity indices used, within-, between-habitat and regional biodiversity indices that accurately reflect sampling efforts are suggested. In addition, we proposed to include species rarity, ecosystem engineers, and the ecological quality index ISEP (Inverse function of Shannon-Wiener Evenness Proportion). As for halophytes, their low spatial coverage on benthic habitat suggests that their presence can be used as an ecological indicator of benthic habitat, regardless of their protective status. We stress the need to introduce 1) quantile approach for quantitative indicators (e.g., diversity, biomass, etc.) in relation to grading, 2) presence-absence approach for spatial or aggregate indicators (e.g., boundaries of halophytes and feeding ground of water birds) and 3) benthic habitat mapping that combines all of these indicators.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.497-509
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• 1988

Current therapy of aortic dissections remains unstandardized because of the relative rarity of these catastrophic events and conflicting reported results of various therapeutic strategies. Hence, we reviewed our current results and planned to purify our method of interpretation of results and so, to standardize therapeutic managements. This study comprised unselected, consecutive 27 patients with aortic dissections who were operated at Seoul National University Hospital from Jan 1983 to March 1988. The results from analysis of their preoperative, operative and postoperative finding were as follows: 1] 7 patients had acute type A, 14 had chronic type A, 4 had acute type B, and 2 had chronic type B. 2] The causes of dissections were unclear, but 8 patients had Marfan`s syndromes, 2 had previous operative histories on cardiovascular systems and 2 had congenital heart diseases. 3] Multiple preoperative variables were found to correlate significantly with operative mortality and complications. The prevalences of such preoperative major complicating factors were significantly more frequent in acute than chronic [P < 0.05] and type A than type B [P < 0.01]. 4] Operations were performed according to the type of the dissections and whether it was acute or chronic. Usually dacron tube graft replacements were performed[25/26]. Intraluminal sutureless graft replacement was performed in 11 patients. Of the 14 patients with combined aortic regurgitation, concomitant aortic valve resuspension in 4, seperative aortic valve replacement in 1, and aortic valve replacement with coronary reimplantation were performed in 9 patients. 2 patients had concomitant arch vessel managements. 5] Over-all operative mortality rate was 33% and 54% for acute type A, 25% for acute type B, 29% for chronic type A, 0% for chronic type B respectively. The main causes of operative mortality were cardiovascular complications [mainly CPB-weaning failure] in acute cases and hemorrhagic complications in chronic cases.