• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 1997

Abnormal illness behavior in patients with somatoform disorders were known formed by their traditional disease concepts and somatization-prone socio-cultural factors. The authors evaluated the characteristics of abnormal illness behavior in patients with somatoform disorders(who had somatization) by using abnormal illness behavior questionnaire. Methods : 29 somatoform disorders(SD) and 57 disease controls were compared by clinical characteristics, severity of pain, state anxiety(by Spielberger's State & Trait Anxiety Inventory), depression(by Beck's Depression Inventory) and level of psychosocial stess(by DSM-III-R). The illness behavior was measured by illness Behavior Questionnaire(IBQ). Results SD group had longer period of somatic symptoms with less severity in pain. The degree of anxiety and depression were higher in SB compared with controls. However, the degree of psychosocial stress was almost same between both groups. In IBQ, SD showed higher scores in general hypochondriasis, disease conviction, and affective disturbance subscales compared to control group. Conclusion: High disease conviction and hypochondriacal nature revealed by IBQ seemed to be a role in making somatization by way of somatic focusing and hypervigilance. And those tended to lead patients visit hospital frequently and report various somatic complaints. Evaluating abnormal illness behavior in somatoform disorders would be not only helpful in understanding the natures of somatoform disorders but also useful differentiating SD with other psychiatric conditions.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2002

Fermentation characteristics with/without nitrogen source and quality of the fruit distillate of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten were investigated during the manufacturing process of a Korean traditional liquor. As the fermentation period increased, acidity, brix degree, and alcohol concentration increased, whereas pH and contents of reducing sugar decreased. Acidity, pH, and brix degree were higher, whereas the content of reducing sugar lower, in the nitrogen source-added distillate than in the distillate without nitrogen source. The growth of yeast increased, while that of bacteria decreased; this trend was more prominent with the addition of a nitrogen source. Sojues, distilled from two types of mashes and diluted with $H_2O$ and tails of distillate into 22% alcohol concentration, showed pH $3.7{\sim}4.0$, acidity $0.02{\sim}0.10$, and $5.4{\sim}6.1$ $^{\circ}Brix$. Analysis through GC using direct injection methods revealed common volatile flavor compounds in sojues, including acetaldehyde, acetyl acetone, acetic acid ethyl ester, ethyl alcohol, 2-propyl alcohol, acetone, n-propyl alcohol, butanoic acid methyl ester, 2-phenyl ethanol, thymol, acetic acid phenyl ester, and vanillic aldehyde. As revealed through the sensory evaluation, no significant difference (p>0.05) in overall acceptability was shown among four experimental groups, while color and flavor showed significant differences(p<0.05).

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.3
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• pp.129-150
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• 1985

The present investigation was conducted to provide a systematic approach necessary to establish an integrated insect pest management program of barley in Korea. Some ecological surveys on insect pests of barley have been undertaken at the field of Experimental Station, Ky$\check{o}$ngbuk Provincial Office of Rural Development as a fixed point survey area, and at 23 localities for round survey throughout southern and central Korea from 1983 to 1984. Previously known insects injurious to barley in Korea were revised and the population dynamics of 10 dominant harmful species were analyzed according to either 24 localities or 25 cultivars respectively by using several sampling methods of net sweeping, black light traps, yellow water pan traps and visual counting. As the results, a total of 94 species belonging to 77 genera under 32 families are known to be injurious to barley, among them 20 species are newly added here. In the population density level, the dominant species were disclosed as Laodelphax striatellus (43.1 %), Macrosiphum avenae(27.0 %), Rhopalosiphum padi(6.5 %), R. maidis(5.4 %), Psammolettix strialus(2.7 %), Chlorops oryzae(2.2 %), Agromyza albipennis(2.1 %) Phyllotreta nemorum(1.4 %), Chaetoenema cylindrica(1.0 %), Dolycoris baccarum(1.0 %) in order. For the general abundance of major insect pests, it was highest in the cultivar P'aldal whereas lowest in Milyang #22. There were tendencies that Psammotettix striatus, Dolycoris baccarum, Phyllotreta nemorum and Chaetocnema cylindrica represented a maximum increase in the beginning of June, while Chlorops oryzae and Agromyza albipennis showed in the middle of May but aphids were in the end of May. In the dominance of natural enemies, Nabis stenoferus occupied 21.4 % and Propylaea japonica 9.6 %.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2004

Objectives : Internet addiction is a newly appeared addictive phenomenon that is defined as 'difficulty in real life due to internet over-use', 'excessive time spent on the internet or replacement of genuine real relationships with superficial virtual ones' or 'weakness in self-control about internet use and if discontinued, fallen in psychological confusion and anergic state'. This study was aimed to compare the internet addiction rate, demographic factors, computer using patterns, anxiety, depression, and internet self-efficacy and outcome expectancy between Korean middle and high school students in three areas - Seoul, Cheonan, and Rural areas - that were different in economic, cultural, and geographic state. Methods : Subjects are consisted of middle and high school students in Seoul, Chunan, and Rural areas(N=1718). Self-rating questionnaire included demographic data, Korean Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Korean Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS), questions for internet-using pattern, Korean version of Internet Addiction Scale invented by K. S. Young, Internet Self-efficacy and Out-come Expectancy Scale. Results: In this study, prevalence of internet addiction was 2.9%. There was no significant difference found in prevalence of internet addiction among three areas. In all subjects, there were significant differences in anxiety, depression, internet self-efficacy and outcome expectancy, leisure style, places of internet use, internet connecting method, and insight on internee addiction. But, in addicted group, there was no significant difference among three areas. Conclusion: This study suggested that the difference in economic, cultural, and geographic state was not related to prevalence of internet addiction. Although there were significant differences in anxiety, depression, self-efficacy associated with internee use, leisure style, places of internet use, internet connecting method, insight on internet addiction among three areas, there were no significant difference in addicted group among three areas. So, we concluded that the difference in economic, cultural, and geographic state did not influence the prevalence of internet addiction, and despite the difference in economic, cultural, and geographic state, people in three areas were equally influenced by internet addiction.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the types of lymphadenitis after BCG vaccination and the effect of local rifampicin instillation on the treatment of suppurative BCG lymphadenitis. Methods : A total of 32 otherwise healthy infants with suppurative BCG lymphadenitis, who visited the Department of Pediatrics of Chonbuk National University Hospital, from March 2002 through June 2004, were enrolled in this study. They were treated with needle aspiration and local rifampicin instillation. We investigated the time the lymphadenitis took to be suppurative, accompanying clinical manifestations, and the treatment effects. Results : Of the 32 infants, 19 were male and 13 were female. They were full term babies and one preterm baby with a gestational age of 30 weeks. They received intradermal administration, with the BCG vaccine of $Pasteur^{(R)}$(French) strain mostly on the left deltoid area(96.9 percent). Regional lymphadenitis occurred in 1 to 11 months after BCG vaccination, mostly 1-5 months after vaccination (78.1 percent). Among the infants, 87.5 percent had unilocular lesion but 12.5 percent had more than one enlarged lymph node cares. Most of the lymphadenitis presented in the left axillary area(77.8 percent), and the left supuraclavicular area(11.1 percent). After one to three times of needle aspiration with rifampin instillation, all infants recovered completely without surgical excision or severe complication. Conclusion : The regional lymphadenitis is the most common complication in infants who receive intradermal BCG vaccination. This study supports that in suppurative BCG lymphadenitis the needle aspiration and local rifampicin instillation is very effective and can be a more economical treatment modality.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.241-250
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• 1992

This study was covered the amount of food consumed per day as well as methods estimating the daily food consumption per fish of Agrammus agrammus in natural population to understand flow of food organisms among trophic levels in bio-community of the coastal waters, Shinsudo, Samchonpo. The estimating formulas were induced from the mathematical models that representing the diurnal fluctuation of the stomach fullness of the fish. The daily food consumption could be estimated by both feeding rates and gastric evacuation rates, but it was more reasonable method that based on gastric evacuation rates than feeding rates. The daily food consumption in wet weight per fish by gastric evacuation rates were 1.9856g/day, 3.4725g/day, 4.4418g/day, 5.8168g/day, and 7.2113g/day in the order of age groups from 0 to 4. The daily rations as percentage of body weight were $9.35\%,\;6.65\%,\;5.76\%,\;4.72\%\;and\;5.31\%$ in the order of ages. The daily food consumption was proportional to the body weight of fish, but the daily food consumption per specific body weight was reciprocal to the body weight. Annual food consumption in wet weight. per fish by gastric evacuation rates were 529.98g from the age of 0.25 to 1.0, 1,269.28g from the age of 1.0 to 2.0, 1,622.76g from the age of 2.0 to 3.0, 2,125.57g from the age of 3.0 to 4.0, 1,316.09g from the age of 4.0 to 4.5 The amount of food consumed per fish during 4.25 years, from the age of 0.25 to 4.5, was 6,863.68g in wet weight. the relationships between the daily food consumption(Dr) by gastric evacuation rates and the total length(L, cm) or the body weight(W, g) were as follows: $$Dr=0.036L^{1.702}$$ $$Dr=0.254W^{0.664}$$

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 1988

Paralytic shellfish poison(PSP) accmulate in shellfish as a result of feeding toxic dinoflagellates. The shellfish do not seem to be harmed by the toxins, but become toxic to humans and other animals that feed on them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution and changes of PSP by species of shellfish, collected area and collected month. Also, the correlation between PSP and toxic dinoflagellate, Protogonyaulax tamarensis, was investigated. Five hundred and six samples of 13 kinds of shellfish for PSP bioassay were collected at the shellfish growing area of Pusan, Masan, Chungmu, $Samch\check{o}npo, Y\check{o}su, Mokpo and Daech\check{o}n$ located in South Korea during the study period from May, 1985 to Octcber, 1987. Most of the samples submitted were free from PSP except sea mussel, short - necked clam and ark shell. Among the intoxicated samples, PSP was most often detected in sea mussel. PSP was detected mainly in spring$(February\~May)$ in the southern coast of Korea. In case of Pusan, exceptionally, toxic sea mussel have been found even June and July in 1987. The toxicity score of toxic shellfishes examined was ranged from 23.44 to $150.26{\mu}g/100g$ of edible meat and toxicity of sea mussel was higher than other toxic shellfishes. By the study of anatomical distribution of PSP in sea mussel collected at Masan in Febuary and March, 1986, the toxin accumulated in digestive gland was about $70\%$ of all. There was no significant correlation between toxicity of sea mussel and cell numbers of P. tamarensis that one of the causitive organism of PSP during the studying period in Masan area. There was almost no difference in toxicity of sea mussel by water depth of collection, but toxicity of surface shellfish was a little higher than those of 3.5, and 7.0m depth.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.221-232
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• 1988

Studies were conducted to determine whether reduced renal blood flow (RBF) exhibited by rats with uncontrolled, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes is attributable to diabetes-associated, enhanced renal vasoconstrictor influence of endogenous thromboxane $(TX)A_2$. Rats which were injected with STZ after pretreatment with 3-O-methyl glucose (3OMG), an agent which prevents STZ-induced hyperglycemia, were also studied. Basal values of total RBF (RBF; ml $min^{-1}$ $gKw^{-1}$; electromagnetic flow probe), systemic arterial pressure (BP; mm Hg) and renal vascular resistance (RVR;BP $RBF^{-1})$in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats during a control period were $5.9{\pm}0.3$(P<0.1_{VS}. CR), $115{\pm}3$ and $20.3{\pm}1.0$(P<0.1_{VS}. CR) for STZR (n=15), and $8.4{\pm}0.4$, $123{\pm}3$ and $15.1{\pm}0.8$ for age-matched control rats (CR; n= 15), respectively. Basal values of RBF, BP and RVR in 3OMG pretreated STZR were identical to CR. In preparations shown capable of renal vasodilatation, OKY 1581 (1 mg/kg, i.v. followed by 0.4 mg/kg min infusion) abolished arachidonate-induced $(TX)A_2$ synthesis, but did not alter basal BP, RBF or RVR in either STZR or CR (n=4/group). Similarly, i.r.a. infusion of SQ29548 (100 ng/ml RBF) abolished renal vasoconstriction induced by a TX/prostaglandin endoperoxide mimic, U46619, but had no discern able affect on RVR in either STZR (n=8) or CR (n=8). The data indicates that $TXA_2$ does not participate in the elevated basal RVR of STZR which are associated with the diabetic state.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.316-322
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• 2010

The research attempted to develop a wood adhesive based on waste cooking oil, using ozonification technology for the chemical structure modification. The waste cooking oil (WCO) was reacted with $O_3$ for different times; 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. The chemical structure modifications of the ozonized WCOs were examined by Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum. The FT-IR spectrum of WCO had an absorbance peak at 3,010 $cm^{-1}$ that was the characteristic peak of the unsaturated double bonds. As ozone treatment time increased, the peak of the double bond was disappeared and carboxyl peak appeared at 1,700 $cm^{-1}$. Especially, the double bond of 3 hrs-ozonized WCO was vanished almost. In results of the dry bonding strengths of the 3 hrs-ozonized WCO mixed with polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) were the strengths of weight ratio of 3hrs-ozonized WCO : pMDI, 1 : 0.5, 8.08 kgf/$cm^2$, 1 : 0.75, 9.53 kgf/$cm^2$ 1 : 1, 44.16 kgf/$cm^2$, 1 : 2, 58.08 kgf/$cm^2$, 1 : 3, 61.41 kgf/$cm^2$, and 1 : 4, 46.95 kgf/$cm^2$. Therefore, it was found that the optimum equivalent ratio was formed at the ratio of 1 : 2 or 1 : 3. Under wetting the bonding strength of 1 : 3 ratio was appeared higher than that of 1 : 2 ratio, while the results obtained from hot-water and cyclic boiling shear test were similar.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.33-50
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• 2009

The impact on hydrologic components considering future potential climate, land use change and vegetation cover information was assessed using SLURP (Semi-distributed Land-Use Runoff Process) continuous hydrologic model. The model was calibrated (1999 - 2000) and validated (2001 - 2002) for the upstream watershed ($260.4\;km^2$) of Gyeongancheon water level gauging station with the coefficient of determination and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ranging from 0.77 to 0.60 and 0.79 to 0.60, respectively. Two GCMs (MIROC3.2hires, ECHAM5-OM) future weather data of high (A2), middle (A1B) and low (B1) emission scenarios of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) were adopted and the data was corrected by 20C3M (20th Century Climate Coupled Model) and downscaled by Change Factor (CF) method using 30 years (1977 - 2006, baseline period) weather data. Three periods data of 2010 - 2039 (2020s), 2040 - 2069 (2050s), 2070 - 2099 (2080s) were prepared. To reduce the uncertainty of land surface conditions, future land use and vegetation canopy prediction were tried by CA-Markov technique and NOAA NDVI-Temperature relationship respectively. MIROC3.2 hires and ECHAM5-OM showed increase tendency in annual streamflow up to 21.4 % for 2080 A1B and 8.9 % for 2050 A1B scenario respectively. The portion of future predicted ET about precipitation increased up to 3 % in MIROC3.2 hires and 16 % in ECHAM5-OM respectively. The future soil moisture content slightly increased compared to 2002 soil moisture.