• Title/Summary/Keyword: R744

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Evaporation Pressure Drop of Carbon Dioxide in Horizontal Tubes with Inner Diameter of 4.57 mm and 7.75 mm (내경 4.57과 7.75 mm인 수평관내 이산화탄소의 증발 압력강하)

  • Son, Chang-Hyo
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.30-37
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    • 2008
  • The evaporation pressure drop of $CO_2$ (R-744) in horizontal tubes was investigated experimentally. The experiments were conducted without oil in a closed refrigerant loop which was driven by a magnetic gear pump. The main components of the refrigerant loop are a receiver, a variable-speed pump, a mass flow meter, a pre-heater and evaporator (test section). The test section consists of a smooth, horizontal stainless steel tube of 7.75 and 4.57 mm inner diameter. The experiments were conducted at saturation temperature of $-5^{\circ}C\;to\;5^{\circ}C$, and heat flux of 10 to $40kW/m^2$. The test results showed the evaporation pressure drop of $CO_2$ are highly dependent on the vapor quality, heat flux and saturation temperature. The pressure drop measured during the evaporation process of $CO_2$ increases with increased mass flux, and decreases as the saturation temperature increased. The evaporation pressure drop of $CO_2$ is very lower than that of R-22. In comparison with test results and existing correlations, the best fit of the present experimental data is obtained with the correlation of Choi et al. But existing correlations failed to predict the evaporation pressure drop of $CO_2$. Therefore, it is necessary to develop reliable and accurate predictions determining the evaporation pressure drop of $CO_2$ in a horizontal tube.

Miscibility of Melt-mixed PLLA/PMMA Blends for Optical Film Application (광학 필름 적용을 위한 용융혼합된 PLLA/PMMA 블렌드의 상용성 연구)

  • Park, Eun Ju;Kim, In Seok;Park, Sang Seok;Lee, Ho Sang;Lee, Moo Sung
    • Polymer(Korea)
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    • v.37 no.6
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    • pp.744-752
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    • 2013
  • The miscibility between poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was investigated using thermal analyses for the purpose of developing birefringence-free material at oriented state. The effect of methyl acrylate (MA) units as comonomer of PMMA on the miscibility was also studied. All the blends prepared in this study show composition-dependent single $T_g$'s between those of blend components and high transparency over the visible region, indicating the miscibility at molecular level and no discernible effect of MA units on it. No phase separation was observed at elevated temperature of $280^{\circ}C$, higher than the degradation of PLLA and PMMA. The interaction energy density in PLLA/PMMA blends with 17 mol% of MA was measured to be $-0.74J/cm^3$ from the equilibrium melting temperature depression based on the Hoffman-Weeks method. The blends show zero-${\Delta}$n behavior at a specific mixing ratio and the drawing ratio of 3 due to compensation of intrinsic orientation birefringence. Birefringence dispersion of PLLA/PMMA5 blends was also measured to examine the possibility for quarter-wave plates or polarizer protective films.

Comparisons of occlusal force according to occlusal relationship, skeletal pattern, age and gender in Koreans (한국인에서의 부정교합 여부와 골격형태, 연령, 성별에 따른 교합력의 비교)

  • Yoon, Hye-Rim;Choi, Yoon-Jeong;Kim, Kyung-Ho;Chung, Choo-Ryung
    • The korean journal of orthodontics
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    • v.40 no.5
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    • pp.304-313
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    • 2010
  • Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the occlusal force and contact area and to find its associating factors in Koreans. Methods: Occlusal force and contact area in maximum intercuspation were measured using the Dental $Prescale^{(R)}$ system in 651 subjects (15 with normal occlusion, 636 with various malocclusions divided into subgroups according to the skeletal pattern, Angle's molar relationship, age and gender). Results: Occlusal force of the normal occlusion group ($744.5{\pm}262.6N$) was significantly higher than those of the malocclusion group ($439.0{\pm}229.9N$, $p$ < 0.05). Occlusal force was similar regardless of differences in ANB angle or Angle's molar classification, however the increase in vertical dimension significantly reduced occlusal force ($p$ < 0.05). Conclusions: Occlusal force was significantly lower in the malocclusion group compared to the normal occlusion group, and in females compared to males, but it was not affected by age, antero-posterior skeletal pattern or molar classification. Although a hyperdivergent facial pattern indicated lower occlusal force compared to a hypodivergent facial pattern, the differences in skeletal pattern were not the primary cause of its decrease, but a secondary result induced by the differences in occlusal contact area according to the facial pattern.

Heritabilities and Genetic Correlations on Economic Traits in Layers (난용계의 주요경제형질에 대한 유전력 및 유전상관)

  • 상병찬;한성욱;정선부
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.73-81
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    • 1989
  • This study was conducted to estimate heritabilities, genetic and phenotypic correlations on economic traits in layers. The data analysis were the records of 351 pullets in S. C. W. Leghorn and 326 pullets in R. I. Red from March 1, 1980 to July 31.1981. The results obtained are summarized as follows:1 The average body weights at the first egg, 300 and 500 days of age were 1, 409, 1, 602 and 1, 709g S. C. W. Leghorn, and 1, 965, 2, 305, and 2, 479g in the R. I. Red, respectively. The age at first egg of the S. C. W, Leghorn and R. I. Red were 156 days and 163 days, respectively. The number of egg produced by the S. C. W. Leghorn and R. I. Red to 300 days and 500 days of age were 101.18, 214.39, and 101.05, 214.93, respectively. The egg weight at first egg, 300 and 500 days of age were 41.93, 57.65 and 60.33g in the S. C. W. Leghorn and 41.52, 57.62 and 60.57g in the R. I. Red, respectively. 2. The heritability estimates based on the variance of sire and dam components were 0.402-0.612 and 0.275-0.458 in the S. C. W. Leghorn, 0.309-0.523 and 0.134-0.380 in R. I. Red for body weight; 0.167 and 0.139 in the 5. C. W. Leghorn, 0.169 and 0.095 in the R.1. Red for age at first egg:0.214-0.139 and 0.336-0.341 in S. C. W Leghorn, 0.137-0.259 and 0.024-0.102 in the R. I. Red for number of egg production; 0.537-0.769 and 0.374-0.686 in the S. C. W. Leghorn, 0.519-0.631 and 0.116-0.365 in the R. I. Red for egg weight, respectively. 3. The genetic correlation coefficients of economic traits were as follows: In the S. C. W. Leghorn and R. I. Red , the coefficients between body weights and age at the first egg, 0.328-0.426 and 0.186-0.244:between body weights and number of egg production, -0.666--0.498 and -0.452--0.073:between body weight and egg weight, 0.384-0.774 and 0.126-0.612; between age at first egg and number of egg production, -0.639--0.452 and -0.754--0.320; between age at first egg and egg weight, 0.475-0.705 and 0.021-0.605; between number of egg production and egg weight, -0.623--0.355 and -0.861--0.327, respectively.

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Characteristics of Brightness Temperature of Geostationary Satellite on Lightning Events during Summer over South Korea (여름철 낙뢰 발생 시 정지궤도 위성의 휘도온도 특성)

  • Lee, Yun-Jeong;Suh, Myoung-Seok;Eom, Hyo-Sik;Seo, Eun-Kyoung
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.744-758
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    • 2009
  • The characteristics of brightness temperature (BT) of infrared and water vapor channels from MTSAT-1R have been investigated using 12 persistent and frequent lightning cases selected from the summer lightnings of 2006-2008. The infrared (IR1, 10.3-11.3 ${\mu}M$) and water vapor (WV, 6.5-7.0 ${\mu}M$) channels from the MTSAT-1R and the lightning observation data from Korea Meteorological Administration are used. When there is no lightning, the BTs of the IR1 and WV channels show the largest frequency at around 290-295K and 245K, respectively. On the other hand, the BTs of two channels show the largest frequency at 215K caused by strong convection when there is lightning. As a result, the WV-IR1 difference (BTDWI) sharply increases from -50K to 0K. Although it depends on the evolution stage of thunderstorms, the lightning mainly occurs at the core of circular convection in the mesoscale convective complex (MCC), whereas the lightning occurs by concentrated line-shape in the squall line. A strong positive correlation exists between the lightning frequency and the BT in the MCC regardless of the BT, but only at the very cold BT in the squall line. In general, the characteristics of BT are well defined for the lightning occurring in the concentrated line, but they are not well defined in the MCC, especially during the decaying stage of MCC. When they are defined well, the lightning occurs when the BTs of IR1 and WV are lower than 215K, BTDWI is near -3 to 1K, and local standard deviation of IR1 decreases to around 1K.

Appearance Patterns of Freshwater Fish in Central Mountain Area of DMZ, Korea (중부산악 DMZ 민통선이북지역의 담수어류 출현양상)

  • Myung, Ra-Yeon;Seo, Hyung-Soo;Ko, Myeong-Hun
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.530-542
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    • 2020
  • This study surveyed the central mountain area of Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) from March to October 2018 to reveal the appearance patterns of freshwater fish. We collected 7,744 individuals of 43 species in 12 families with skimming nets and cast nets in 12 stations during the survey. The dominant species was Zacco koreanus (30.3%), and the subdominant species was Z. platypus (18.5%), followed by Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (10.0%), R. steindachneri (6.7%), Microphysogobio yaluensis (5.9%), Acheilognathus signifer (4.5%), Pungtungia herzi (4.2%), and Orthrias nudus (2.6%). Among the collected species, four were legally protected. They included Hemibarbus mylodon, which was a natural monument, and Lethenteron reissneri, A. signifer, and Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpa, which were class II endangered wildlife designated by the Ministry of Environment. Twenty Korean endemic species (46.5%) and one exotic species, Micropterus salmoides, were also collected. Additionally, three climate-change sensitive species, R. kumgangensis, Ladislavia taczanowskii, and Cottus koreanus, and three landlocked species, L. reissneri, C. koreanus, and Rhinogobius brunneus appeared. The dominant species in each station were Z. koreanus (15 stations), Z. platypus (four stations), R. oxycephalus (four stations), and C. koreanus (one station). The species dominance index decreased from upstream to downstream (mainstream of Gimhwanamdae Stream), while the species diversity index and the species richness index increased. The community structure of the rivers was divided into the uppermost stream, upper stream, Han River, and Imjin River. Compared to antecedent surveys, this study collected the highest number of species. Two new species (Sarcocheilichthys variegatus wakiyae and Micropterus salmoides) were caught, while six species (Siniperca scherzeri, Leiocassis ussuriensis, Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis, Rhodeus ocellatus, Abbottina springeri, Aphyocypris chinensis) did not appear. Gimhwanamdaecheon Stream has high biological value with the inhabitation of many species, including species under legal protection and high diversity and richness index scores. This paper also discussed a protection plan for this area.

Novel Diagnostic Algorithm Using tuf Gene Amplification and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism is Promising Tool for Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

  • Shin, Ji-Hyun;Cho, Eun-Jin;Lee, Jung-Yeon;Yu, Jae-Yon;Kang, Yeon-Ho
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.323-330
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    • 2009
  • Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, making the reliable and rapid identification of NTM to the species level very important for the treatment of such patients. Therefore, this study evaluated the usefulness of the novel target genes tuf and tmRNA for the identification of NTM to the species level, using a PCRrestriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA). A total of 44 reference strains and 17 clinical isolates of the genus Mycobacterium were used. The 741 bp or 744 bp tuf genes were amplified, restricted with two restriction enzymes (HaeIII/MboI), and sequenced. The tuf gene-PRA patterns were compared with those for the tmRNA (AvaII), hsp65 (HaeIII/HphI), rpoB (MspI/HaeIII), and 16S rRNA (HaeIII) genes. For the reference strains, the tuf gene-PRA yielded 43 HaeIII patterns, of which 35 (81.4%) showed unique patterns on the species level, whereas the tmRNA, hsp65, rpoB, and 16S rRNA-PRAs only showed 10 (23.3%), 32 (74.4%), 19 (44.2%), and 3 (7%) unique patterns after single digestion, respectively. The tuf gene-PRA produced a clear distinction between closely related NTM species, such as M. abscessus (557-84-58) and M. chelonae (477-84-80-58), and M. kansasii (141-136-80-63-58-54-51) and M. gastri (141-136-117-80-58-51). No difference was observed between the tuf-PRA patterns for the reference strains and clinical isolates. Thus, a diagnostic algorithm using a tuf gene-targeting PRA is a promising tool with more advantages than the previously used hsp65, rpoB, and 16S rRNA genes for the identification of NTM to the species level.

The Effect of Supportive Group Nursing Care on Body Image of the Patient With tower Limb Fracture (지지적 집단간호가 하지골절 환자의 신체상(Body Image)에 미치는 영향)

  • 정추자
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.74-80
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    • 1985
  • This study was attempted to identify the difference between body image of the patients with lower limb fracture and that of normal persons, and to examine if supportive group care could offer an apportunity for positive change in body image of the patient with lower limb fracture under the Quasi-experimental design. The subjects for this study were obtained by ta-king convenient sample of soldiers; the experimental group were 44 lower limb fractured patients hospitalized on the orthopedic Surgery unit in S Army General Hospital, while the control group were 44 normal enlisted men serving in the B Army regiment. Supportive group nursing care was given to the lower limb fractured patients who belong to the experimental group. Pre-and post-tests were administered to the experimental and the control group. The instruments to measure body image of the subjects were body Cathexis Scale developed by Scord and Jourard (1953) and Body Meaning Scale dove-loped by the reseacher. The reliability coefficients by Cronhach's u-test were .95 in body Cathexis Scale and .89 in Body Meaning Scale in this study. Data for this study were collected over a period 12 days from the 12th to the 24th of October, 1984 by the questionnaire. Data were analyzed by computer. Frequency, Percentage and x²-test were used to examine general chacteristics of the subjects. t-test was used to analyze the hypotheses. Analysis of variance was used to test difference in body image between groups classified by the general characteristics. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to identify the correlation between Body Cathexis Scale and Body Cathexis Scale and Body Meaning Scale. The results of this study were as follows: 1. No significant difference was found between the experimental and the control group on general characteristics of the subjects (p> .05). 2. Hypothesis I:“There will be a difference in body image between patiens with lower limb fracture and normal persons,”was supported(Body Cathexis t=6.91, p<.001, Body Meaning t=5.66, p< .001). 3. Hypothesis Ⅱ;“The will be a difference in body image of patients with lower limb fracture bet-ween after and before, supportive group nursing care was provided,”was supported (Body Cathexis t=5.90, p<.001, Body Meaning t=4.45, p <.001). 4. There was no significant difference in body image between groups classified by the general characteristics (p> .05). 5. The correlation between Body Cathexis Scale and Body Meaning Scale: It was reported that Body Cathexis Scale correlated with Body Meaning Scale in total subjects of the experimental and control group (r=.744, p<.001). That is, there was relatively high correlation between two scales. body Cathexis Scale correlated with Body Meaning Scale in the experimental group(r=.738, p <.001) and in the control group (r=.352, p <.001). That is, there was more than moderate correlation between two scales. In conclusion, it was found that there was a difference in body image between patients with lower limb fracture and normal persons, and supportive group nursing care offered an opportunity for positive change in body image of the patient with lower limb fracture.

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Characteristics of ITO with surface treatment by N2, O2, Ar Plasma and UV (질소, 산소, 아르곤 플라즈마와 자외선에 의하여 표면 처리한 ITO의 특성)

  • Bae, Gyeong-Tae;Jeong, Seon-Yeong;Gang, Seong-Ho;Kim, Hyeon-Gi;Kim, Byeong-Jin;Ju, Seong-Hu
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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    • 2018.06a
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    • pp.90-90
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    • 2018
  • 디스플레이는 다수의 가로 전극과 세로 전극으로 구성되고, 전극에 신호를 주어 동작하도록 하는 원리이다. 이 디스플레이에는 전기가 통하고 투명한 전극이 필수적으로 사용되고 있고, 대표적인 투명 전극으로 ITO (Indium Tin Oxide)가 있다. ITO 박막은 $In_2O_3$에 Sn을 첨가하여 $Sn^{4+}$ 이온이 $In^{3+}$ 이온을 치환하고 이 과정에서 잉여 전자가 전기전도에 기여하는 구조이다. ITO 박막은 표면 처리 방법에 따라 표면 상태가 크게 변화한다. 플라즈마를 이용한 표면 처리는 환경오염이 적으며 강도, 탄성률 등과 같은 재료의 기계적 특성을 변화시키지 않으면서 표면 특성만을 변화시킬 수 있는 방법으로 알려져 있다[1]. UV (Ultraviolet)를 조사한 표면처리는 ITO 표면의 탄소를 제거하고, 표면 쌍극자를 형성하며, 표면의 조성을 변화시킬 수 있으며, 페르미 에너지 준위를 이동시킬 수 있어 ITO의 일함수를 증가시킬 수 있다[2]. ITO에 대한 다양한 연구가 수행되었음에도 불구하고 보다 다양한 관점에서의 연구가 지속될 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양한 조건으로 표면 처리한 ITO 표면의 일함수, 면저항, 표면 형상, 평탄도, 접촉각 등에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 세정한 ITO, 세정 후 UV 처리한 ITO (UV 처리 시간 2분, 4분 6분, 8분), 세정 후 $N_2$, $O_2$, Ar의 공정 가스를 사용하여 Plasma 처리한 ITO로 표면 처리 조건을 변화하였다. 표면 처리한 ITO의 특성은 Kelvin Probe를 이용한 일함수, 물방울 형상의 각도를 측정한 접촉각, AFM (Atomic Force Microscope)을 이용한 평탄도, 가시광선 (380~780 nm) 파장에 대한 투과도와 면저항을 측정하였다. 접촉각은 세정한 ITO의 경우 $45.5^{\circ}$에서 세정 후 UV를 조사한 ITO의 경우 UV 8분 조사 시 $27.86^{\circ}$로 감소하였고, $N_2$, $O_2$, Ar 가스를 사용하여 Plasma 처리한 ITO는 모두 $10^{\circ}$ 미만을 나타내었다. 플라즈마 처리에 의하여 접촉각이 현저하게 개선되었다. ITO의 면저항은 표면 처리 조건에 따라 $9.620{\sim}9.903{\Omega}/{\square}$로 그 차이가 매우 적어 표면처리에 의하여 면저항의 변화는 없는 것으로 판단된다. 가시광선 영역에서의 투과도는 공정 조건에 따라 87.59 ~ 89.39%로 그 차이가 적어 표면처리에 의한 변화를 나타내지는 않은 것으로 판단된다. 표면 처리 조건에 따른 평탄도 $R_{rms}$는 세정한 ITO의 경우 4.501 nm로부터 UV 2, 4, 6, 8분 처리한 경우 2.797, 2.659, 2.538, 2.584 nm로 평탄도가 개선되었다. $N_2$, $O_2$, Ar 가스를 사용하여 플라즈마 처리한 ITO의 경우 평탄도 $R_{rms}$는 2.49, 4.715, 4.176 nm로 사용한 가스의 종류에 따라 다른 경향을 나타내었다. 표면 처리 조건에 따른 평탄도 Ra는 세정한 ITO의 경우 3.521 nm로부터 UV 2, 4, 6, 8분 처리한 경우 1.858, 1.967, 1.896, 1.942 nm를, $N_2$, $O_2$, Ar 가스를 사용하여 플라즈마 처리한 ITO의 경우는 1.744, 3.206, 3.251 nm로 평탄도 $R_{rms}$와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다.

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Comparisons of Handling Practices of Culled Sheep Meat for Production of Mutton Curry

  • Mendiratta, S.K.;Kondaiah, N.;Anjaneyulu, A.S.R.;Sharma, B.D.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.21 no.5
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    • pp.738-744
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    • 2008
  • In most developing countries consumers purchase retail cuts from hot carcasses and prepare traditional meat products as per their convenience and requirements. In this study, effects of different post mortem handling practices on quality of meat curry from culled sheep meat have been studied. After slaughter, leg cuts were subjected to nine commonly prevalent handling conditions in India viz. deboning (boning out) and cooking within 2-3 h (1), deboning immediately and cooking after 5-6 h (2), deboning after 5-6 h and cooking (3), deboning immediately, storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 24 h and cooking (4), chilling for 24 h at $4^{\circ}C$, deboning and cooking (5), deboning after 5-6 h, storage for 24 h at $4^{\circ}C$, and cooking (6), deboning after 5-6 h, storage for 48 h at 4??C and cooking (7), deboning after 5-6 h, freezing and cooking (8), deboning after 5-6 h, storage for 24 h at $4^{\circ}C$, freezing and cooking (9). Significant differences were observed in pH, water-holding capacity, cooking loss and shear force values. Sensory scores were significantly higher in conditions (1), (5) and (9), and significantly lower in conditions (4) and (6). From the results, it was concluded that, to have the best quality product, meat should be cooked either immediately after slaughter or should be deboned just before cooking. Storage of deboned meat at refrigerated temperature must be avoided.