• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.112-120
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• 2005

This study was done to evaluate whether there were any differences in microleakage of class V composite restorations according to restoration site and cavity size. Total sixty-four restorations were made in molar teeth using Esthet-X. Small ($2\;{\times}\;2\;{\times}\;1.5\;mm$) and large ($4{\times}2{\times}1.5\;mm$) restorations were made at the buccal/lingual surface and the proximal surface each. After 1,000 times of thermocycling ($5^{\circ}\;-\;55^{\circ}C$), resin replica was made and the percentage of marginal gap to the whole periphery of the restoration was estimated from SEM evaluation. Thermocycled tooth was dye penetrated with $50\%$ silver nitrate solution. After imbedding in an auto-curing resin, it was serially ground with a thickness of 0.25 mm. Volumetric microleakage was estimated after reconstructing three dimensionally. Two-way ANOVA and independent T-test for dye volume, Mann-Whitney U test for the percentage of marginal gap, Spearman's rho test for the relationship between two techniques were used, The results were as follows : 1. The site and size of the restoration affected on the microleakage of restoration. Namely, much more leakage was seen in the proximal and the large restorations rather than the buccal/lingual and the small restorations. 2. Close relationship was found between two techniques (Correlation coefficient = 0.614/ P = 0.000). Within the limits of this study, it was noted that proximal and the large restorations leaked more than buccal/lingual and the small restorations. Therefore, it should be strictly recommended large exposure of margins should be avoided by reducing unnecessary tooth reduction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1976

One of the most common needle leaf species used in planting in Korea is korean pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is one of the test species for suitability. The relation of nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine was studied at the Kwang Nung Nursery, Central Branch Station of Forest Research Institute, and about 40km north of Seoul. Nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine, which ranged from 36 to 324 trees per square meters and of 1-1 jack pine, which ranged from 25 to 169 trees per square meters, had a marked effect on caliper, height, dry weight and percent and amount of plantable stock. The soil physical and chemical properties is silt plus clay, 50.55 percent; organic matter, 2.09 percent; total nitrogen, 0.13 percent; available phosphorus, 253.25 ppm; exchangeable potash, 0.46 m.e/100g; and pH, 5.58. As the density of the nursery seedling stand of 2-1 korean pine increases, the average tree height increases (Fig. 1A), but in 1-1 jack pine density do not affect to increase or decrease the average tree height. As the density of nursery bed increases, the average stem caliper (at 2cm above ground line) and dry weight decrease (Fig. 1B), but the decreasing rate is more seriously in 1-1 jack pine than 2-1 korean pine (Fig.5). As increasing the density of nursery bed, the T/R ratio of trees of the test species increase. Also the dry weight of leaf, stem and root parts are decreasing in proportion to the increase of stand density, but the drop rate of jack pine is more rapid than korean pine (table. 1) The patent facts of difference of growth characteristics between 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine were studied. These facts should be used to select the scale of stand density at the nursery bed or the plantable site. Korean pine is demanded high density, on the other hand in jack pine low density are more suitable to manage the stand density. Stands of comparatively low density had the greatest percentage of high-quality stock, and the stands of high density had less than the high quality trees of low density. An important criterion of the best density is percent and number of high-quality trees produced per square meter of bed area. Stem caliper and stem height of seedling is used in most public nurseries to sort seedling into plantable grades. The stock grade standard has set at 4.5mm caliper and 16cm height of 2-1 korean pine as the minimum desired stem caliper and height. By the result studies, the plantable stock grade standards of 2-1 korean pine used at stem height 16cm and stem caliper 4.5mm from public nurseries should be reformed to stem height 18cm and stem caliper 4.0mm by the growth characteristics and the tree distribution of stem height and caliper of relation to density. For the 2-1 korean pine, best density should be about 160 to 200 trees per square meter according to soil fertility. For the 1-1 jack pine, the suitable standard of plantable stock should be at stem height 25cm and caliper 6mm (at 2cm above ground line) and best density was about 100 to 120 trees.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 1996

A serious disease in a family influences the entire family member given the fact that the members closely interact with each other. Especially in terms of pediatric nursing, study on family gains importance as the need to care of families whose children with developmental disabilities and chronic disease This study was done based on The Resiliency Model of Family Adjustment and Adaptation(McCubbin, 1991) is intended to examine the stress of parents whose children suffer from cleft lip or /and cleft palate. It also helps them to cope with the stress and analyze the relationship between the stress and coping This study used Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes (FILE) and Coping Health Inventory for Parents(CHIP) for measuring family stress and coping. The two instruments are revised to fit the social and cultural environment of Korean culture. Data collection was done from April 18, 1996 to May 18, 1996 at 8 University medical centers located in Seoul. Those who answered questionnaires were 84 parents whose children have cleft lip or /and cleft palate. SPSS PC+ was used to analyze the data collotted. Programs used for data analysis were t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient. The study is summarized as follows .1. The average score of family stress is 10.46(percentage of the full score 24.90) and 'finance and business strains'(3.25), and 'intrafamily strains'(2.65) ranked the highest. The average score of family's coping is 1.93, which is close to the answer of' moderately helpful' and they are measured to put their utmost efforts to' intergration and cooperation of family and optimistic definition on the situation'. 2. There is no significant statistical correlation between the family stress and coping. 3. Mothers show more stress than fathers in the parts of 'illness and family care strains' and 'losses'(t〓-2.34, t〓-2.32, p<.05). 4. Fathers show more willingness to cope with the stress than mothers do in the parts of' seeking social support','self-esteem','emotional comfort' 5. Mothers are more stress than fathers in the parts of family stress and its coping with it by usual traits(t〓-2.78, p<.05). Parents with religion are measured to cope more willingly than those who are not 6. Income of a family shows positive correlationship with family coping (r〓.28, p<.05). The study shows that gender difference is significant variable in studying on family stress and coping. Mothers get more stress than fathers, which has much to do with the fact that they are in charge of raising children and keeping houseworks. Accordingly, managing family crisis and its survival can be induced by giving support for the mothers, studying fathers including the rest of the family members and giving nursing care and arbitration ; religious background is also considered to be one of the important factors in family stress , judging from the relationship between family income and family's coping, caring given to suffering children is needed on societal levels. The above considerations bring up the need to have a longitudinal study of children with congenital anomaly including cleft lip or /and cleft palate and their families about family stress and coping. Resiliency programs on family system and their effectiveness and the relationship between the enlarged families with social and cultural values reflecting Korean tradition are also needed to be studied.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.719-734
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• 1993

The electrocardiographic(ECG) parameters on the standard limb leads in the normal Korean native cattle have been measured with a 3 channel Electrocardiograph built in a computed analysis. The study was conducted on the animals 98 heads of mean age of 17.7 months. Conduction parameters, waves, intervals and segments have been recorded. The recordings were analyzed as to shape and amplitude of the P and T waves and the components of the QRS complex. Heart rate was recorded by the Electrocardiogram which were a mean of $80.4{\pm}11.6beats/min$. And the younger had a higher heart rate than the older one. Average conduction times in the RP, the QRS complex and the QTc interval recorded $166.7{\pm}23.1msec.$, $79.7{\pm}8.8msec.$ and $395.5{\pm}30.4msec.$, in the P and T wave duration recorded $70.1{\pm}13.5msec.$ and $97.6{\pm}16.9msec.$, and in the PR and ST segment duration recorded $97.9{\pm}23.5msec.$ and $173.9{\pm}40.3msec.$, respectively. The wave forms in each lead observed various types. The amplitudes of wave type showed the highest frequency in each lead that were analyzed as follow : 1. In P wave, amplitudes of the positive type showed the frequency of 65.3%, 82.7% and 52.0% in leads I, II and III that were $103.1{\pm}47.8{\mu}V$, $115.2{\pm}37.3{\mu}V$ and $67.4{\pm}26.9{\mu}V$, and it showed the frequency of 54.1% and 85.7% in the leads aVL and aVF that were $63.7{\pm}23.0{\mu}V$, $88.0{\pm}83.6{\mu}V$, respectively. Average amplitude of the negative type showed the frequency of 78.6% in lead aVR which was $99.3{\pm}38.0{\mu}V$. 2. Average amplitude of the QRS complex were from $362.8{\pm}177.7{\mu}V$ to $532.8{\pm}253.9{\mu}V$(mean of $449.1{\pm}57.2{\mu}V$) that in all leads except lead I were manifested the Low-Voltage QRS complex(below 0.5mV). Average amplitudes of each wave type in the QRS complex aere $-50.2.4{\pm}258.2{\mu}V$ and $-428.6{\pm}195.1{\mu}V$ in the QS groups type that showed a frequency of 66.3%, 70.4% in the leads I and aVL, were $451.1{\pm}20.4.0{\mu}V$, $387.6{\pm}175.8{\mu}V$ and $299.3{\pm}146.5{\mu}V$ in the R groups type that showed a frequency of 48.0%, 53.1% and 34.7% in the leads III, aVR and aVF, and were $-307.5{\pm}180.3{\mu}V$, $201.4{\pm}77.2{\mu}V$ in the QR wave type which showed a frequency of 39.8% in lead II, respectively. 3. In T wave, amplitude of the positive type showed the frequency of 50.0%, 82.7%, 51.0% and 57.1% in leads II, III aVR and aVF which were $214.9{\pm}115.6{\mu}V$, $188.5{\pm}119.3{\mu}V$, $191.0{\pm}93.7{\mu}V$ and $165.7{\pm}91.9{\mu}V$, and the negative type showed a frequecny of 66.3% and 72.5% in leads I and aVL. that were $221.3{\pm}112.5{\mu}V$, $-173.6{\pm}86.7{\mu}V$, respectively. 4. Amplitude of ST segment in leads I, II and III were a mean of $-12.2{\pm}37.2{\mu}V$, $17.5{\pm}42.6{\mu}V$ and $28.3{\pm}40.4{\mu}V$, in leads aVR, aVL and aVF were $-3.9{\pm}32.5{\mu}V$, $-15.9{\pm}35.6{\mu}V$ and $26.2{\pm}37.5{\mu}V$, respectively.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 2003

Purpose : Efforts to predict the clinicopathological outcome of IgA nephropathy have been made but have yielded conflicting results and have not helped in deciding the appropriate timing of the renal biopsy. In this study, we reviewed the predictive factors of clinicopathological outcome for finding out the criteria of renal biopsy timing of IgA nephropathy. Methods : Forty children diagnosed with biopsy proven IgA nephropathy at Wonju Christian Hospital were studied retrospectively, based on medical records. Results : Among 39 patients, 2 children progressed to higher serum creatinine level. One of them reached to the end stage renal disease within 2 year 7 months. According to WHO histopathological classification, there were 15 cases of class I, 14 cases of class II, 7 cases of class III, and 3 cases of class IV. In the mild histological classes(class I, II), gross hematuria was shown in 23 out of 29 children(P=0.02). In the severe histological classes(class III, IV), gross hematuria was noted in 4 out of 10(P>0.05). The tubulointerstitial changes were grade 1 in 24 cases, grade 2 in 4 cases, grade 3 in 8 cases, and grade 4 in 3 cases. With an increase in the tubulointerstitial grade, the 24 hour urine protein/albumin ratio increased. Serum creatinine less than 0.79 mg/dL could predict the lower grade(grade 1 and 2) of tubulointerstitial changes. But serum creatinine greater than 1.13 mg/dL could predict the higher grade(grade 3 and 4) of tubulointerstitial changes. In children with gross hematuria(n=27), serum creatinine was lower(0.78 vs 1.09 mg/dL, P=0.027), serum IgA was higher(316.3 vs 198.8 mg/dL), and the cases of lower WHO classification(I and II) were more common(23 vs 4, P=0.029) than the children with microscopic hematuria. Conclusion : Serum creatinine less than 0.79 mg/dL, macroscopic hematuria, and higher 24 hour urine protein/albumin ratio would predict the lower grade glomerulo tubulointerstitial lesion in IgA nephropathy and could be used as the criteria delaying the renal biopsy.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2015

This research was conducted to investigate the changes in moisture retention capacities of expanded rice-hull (ERH)-based root media and their influences on the growth of mother and daughter plants in vegetative propagation of 'Seolhyang' strawberry. The proportion of water at the container capacity of ERH medium was in the range of 20 to 23%. This range was lower than the 60 to 66% of strawberry-specialized medium, the 30 to 34% of soil mother material (SMM) and the 30 to 35% of loamy sand. The moisture content of ERH was reduced to 10 to 12% at 8 hours after irrigation, and there were large variations among replications of ERH medium. Among four kinds of root media formulated to contain ERH, the medium of ERH + coir dust (CD) (55 + 45%, v/v) had 26.5 and 32.5% water contents at 20 and 40 days after irrigation to daughter plants, respectively. The m edia o f ERH + sandy loam (S L) and E RH + S MM showed similar trends i n moisture r etention. The pH and EC i n the all root media tested were in the range of 6.7 to 7.1 and 0.03 to $0.08dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, respectively. The pHs and ECs measured at 20 and 40 days after irrigation were not significantly different in each root medium. Among the root media formulated to contain ERH, the growth of daughter plants was the highest in the treatment of ERH + SL (55 + 45%, v/v). As the blending rate of coir dust was elevated in the ERH + CD media, moisture retention capacity increased gradually, but the growth of daughter plants became worse even though the medium showed higher moisture retention capacity than other root media tested. The growth of roots and aboveground tissues of daughter plants deteriorated in the root media formulated by blending ERH + perlite (PE) at various ratios. The results of this research suggest the optimum formulations of root media and management of moisture content in raising of strawberry daughter plants when ERH is a component of root media.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.545-552
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• 1998

This study was undertaken to clarify the effects of electrical stimulation on the biochemical properties of plaice sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils at early period of death. The plaices were electrically stimulated (110V/60 Hz) In sea water bath for 15, 35, and 60 seconds, and killed instantly by spiking at the head. Killed samples were investigated for the changes in $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase activity of FSR (fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum), LSR (light SR), HSR (heavy SR), and SDS-PAGE pattern of FSR. $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase activity of FSR increased until $45^{\circ}C$ and inactivated over $50^{\circ}C$. $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase activity of FSR remarkably decreased according to the duration of electrical stimulation. Myofibrillar $Mg^{2+}$-ATPase activity of electrically stimulated plaices in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$ was higher than that of sample instantly killed by spiking. $Mg^{2+}$-ATPase activity of myofibrils increased by electrical stimulation and the activity decreased during storage at $5^{\circ}C$. Myofibrillar $Mg^{2+}$-ATPase activity in sample killed by spiking was not affected by $Ca^{2+}$ ion. Myofibrillar $Mg^{2+}$-ATPase activity of electrically stimulated sample in the absen-re of $Ca^{2+}$ decreased during storage at $5^{\circ}C$, whit $Mg^{2+}$-ATPase activity in unstimulated sample did not show any change. $Ca^{2+}$-sensitivity of myofibrils showed no differences between electrically stimulated sample and sample killed by spiking, and the was no change during at $5^{\circ}C$.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant and intracellular anti-inflammatory efficacy of blueberry leaf extracted with hot water (BLW), 70% ethanol (BLE), and 70% acetone (BLA) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of blueberry leaf extracts, RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce the production of inflammation-related factors, which were measure by Western blotting and real-time PCR methods. i-NOS, COX-2 protein, and mRNA expression showed concentration-dependent decrease. The decreases in the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) were concentration-dependent. Further, the antioxidant effects of blueberry leaf on total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability and $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity were evaluated. The total polyphenol contents of BLW, BLE, and BLA were $217.04{\pm}2.98$, $156.72{\pm}3.90$, and $182.88{\pm}3.02mg\;TAE/g$, respectively, while the electron donating abilities at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ of BLW, BLE, and BLA were 81.7, 79.6, and 79.3%, respectively. The $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity was fond to be concentration dependent. The nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition activities at $50{\mu}g/mL$ of BLW, BLE, and BLA were 35.1, 42.4 and 42.7%, respectively. In conclusion, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory test results indicate that blueberry leaf extracts (BLW, BLE, and BLA) can be used as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.325-335
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• 1985

Biogas production from agricultural wastes were summarized as follows: 1. Biogas Generation Characteristics of Various Manures and Residues a. Gas yield from crop residues like rice straw, rice hull, corn stalk and coconut husk can be improved by addition of animal manures. b. Gas yield from coconut husk can be improved through aerobic fermentation for at least one week before loading in the digester. c. Gas yield from fresh rice straw is better than from pre-fermented one, whether alone or in combination with animal manures. d. Initial study has shown that fresh azolla can be substituted for animal manures in manurerice straw combinations and gas yield derived based on unit volatile solids loaded is actually better than for manure-residue combinations. e. Gas production is highly sensitive to substrate pH and becomes almost nil at a pH of below 6. 2. Effect of ambient conditions and other factors on biogas production in a house hold-size digester. a. Results showed that compaction of rice straw in straw-manure combination can reduce gas yield compared with loosely mixed straw. b. The effective gas production period extended to 70 days using freshly threshed rice straw and fresh cattle manure as feed material. c. Underground and above ground digesters with shade have relatively more stable substrate temperature than aboveground exposed digesters. This relative temperature instability may likely be the reason for lower gas yield for the exposed aboveground digester loaded with loose straw-cattle manure substrate, compared with the underground digester with the same substrate. 3. Economic Analysis a. Based on prevailing costs of fuel, materials, and labor in the Philippines, biogas produced from the household size system is cheaper than either LPG or kerosene. b. If other benefits like organic fertilizer, pollution control and convenience are considered, biogas will surely be the best alternative fuel source.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.429-439
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• 1999

Potentiometric titration data were collected for some humic acids purified from Korean upland and paddy soils over a range of pH (3.0 - 11.0) with $NaNO_3$ background electrolyte concentrations (0.01, 0.10, 0.50 and 1.00 M). The data were applied to model A and V which included both intrinsic heterogeneity of humic materials and electrostatic interaction influences on binding sites. The elemental analysis were conducted for various type of humic samples. The $E_4/E_6$ ratio proposed negative correlation with the total carboxyl groups ($r^2$= 0.9988). The charge ($cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$) on the humic acids became more negative as the ionic strength increased. In both continuous and batch titrations, the ionic strength effect was greater in Namweon series (pH 6.39) than others at pH 5.00. The effect of ionic strength on surface charge appears to be greater in batch titrations. This could suggest that continuous titrations do not represent an equilibrium state and the effects of electrolyte concentration was not fully realized during the course of titrations. Both models described experimental data obtained from continuous and batch titrations well over a range of ionic strengths. Model A is more simpler than model V but adaptes more fitted parameters. Thus, the observed change in apparent binding constants with surface charge is regarded solely due to electrostatic influences rather than functional group heterogeneity. However, Model V is more mechanistically realistic in a number of discrete ligand binding sites.