• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1638-1652
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• 2000

Prolific females require better nutrition and feeding practice because of larger litter size and the substantial decline in body fat. Life-time pig output will be compromised if body protein and fat are not properly managed. First litter females are especially vulnerable because they can loose ${\geq}15%$ of whole-body protein. Conservation of body protein mass during first lactation minimizes wean to estrus interval and increases second litter size (up to 1.2 pigs). The ability to influence litter-size by amino acid nutrition is a new dimension in our understanding. A P2 fat depth below 12 mm at farrow and below 10 mm at wean compromised wean to estrus interval (>2 d) and next litter size (0.5 to 1.5 pigs) in sows. It is now clear that a 'modest' excess of feed during the first 72 h of pregnancy decreases embryo viability so that the potential for an increased litter size at birth is not realized. The capacity for milk production by prolific young sows is 25% higher than the standard used previously (NRC, 1988). First litter females averaged 9.82 kg milk/d for a 21 d lactation. Second and third litter counterparts averaged 10.35 kg/d. Milk production was 95% of peak by 10 d of lactation and sows were in greatest negative energy and lysine balance during the first 6 d. Nearly 45% of the total loss in body protein occurred within the first 6 d, but this could reduced to 30-35% by using a more aggressive feeding strategy after parturition. There appear to be 2 phases in lactation for lysine need (d 2-12 vs 12-21). Feeding to the higher level alleviates the second litter size decline. The lysine requirement for lactation can be predicted with accuracy, but we are not able to predict the second limiting amino acid. Mammary uptake of valine relative to lysine and recent work with practical diets suggest that the recent NRC (1998) pattern is realistic and that threonine and valine could be co-limiting for corn-soy diets for prolific sows nursing 10-11 pigs. Empirical studies are needed to refine the ideal pattern so that synthetic lysine can be used with more confidence. Milk fat output for the elite sow is extraordinary and poses an unnecessarily high energetic cost. Methods that reduce mammary fat synthesis will benefit the sow and may enhance piglet growth.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.190-196
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• 1994

Alkali soluble(AS) fraction, revealed the highest antitumor activity of the alkali extracted fractions of G. lucidum IY 009, was loaded on DEAE cellulose(OH$^{-}$ form) column. AS-1, AS-2, AS-3, AS-4 and AS-5 were obtained by stepwise elution with H$_{2}$O, 0.1 M NaHCO$_{3}$, 0.3 M NaHCO$_{3}$, 0.5 M NaHCO$_{3}$ and 0.5 N NaOH respectively, and their antitumor activities(I.R. %) against the sarcoma 180 were 97.5%, 68.0%, 73.0%, 81.0% and 66.0% respectively. AS-1 observed highest antitumor activity was appeared as single peak on the Sepharose CL-4B column chromatography, and their molecular weight was about 580,000 dalton. The carbohydrate content of AS-1 was 98.9%, their monosaccharide consisted of 67.5% of mannose, 22.5% of xylose, 5.8% of glucose, 1.8% of galactose and 2.0% of ribose. AS-1 was assumed $\alpha $linkaged xylomannan having infrared absorption at 864.3 cm$^{-1}$. The main alditol acetates of AS-1 were identified as 1,5-Di-O-acetyl1-2,3,4-Tri-O-methylxylitol, 1,4,5-Tro-O-acety1-2,3,6-Tri-O-methylmannitol and 1,3,4,5-Tetra-O-acety1-2,6-Di-O-methylmannitol by methylation analysis, and their molar ratio was 1 : 2 : 1. The core portion of AS-1 might be $\alpha $-(1$\longrightarrow $ 4)mannopyranosyl unit branched with side chain, C1 of xylopyranosyl residue linked to C3 of every 3 mannopyranosyl units, and the degree of polymerization of structural unit in AS-1 was about 835.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2003

Purpose: We examined the kinematics and kinetics of the shoulder in youth baseball pitchers in light of the mechanisms of development of little league shoulder and humeral retrotorsion. Materials and Methods: The joint kinematics and the net force and torque acting on the humerus were calculated in fourteen youth pitchers throwing in a simulated game. Results: The major force component acting on the humerus was a tensile force of 378$\pm$81 N that peaked just after ball release. The predominant torque on the humerus was an external rotation torque about the long axis of the humerus. This torque reached a peak value of 35.3$\pm$6.7 Nm about 73$\%$through the pitching motion. This torque is approximately 66$\%$ of the torque required to fracture of the adult humerus. Conclusions: The direction of the humeral torque was consistent with the development of increased humeral retrotorsion in the throwing arm. Shear stress arising from the high torque during the late cocking phase likely leads to deformation the relatively weak proximal humeral epiphysis. The external rotation torque applied to the humerus during the pitch also agrees with the proposed mechanism for development little league shoulder, which has been hypothesized to be due to rotational stresses acting on the epiphysis during the throwing motion.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1446-1456
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• 1998

Bones are important parts in sustaining the shape of the body, but they are also metabolic organs which undergo bone remodeling by constant bone resorption and formation. Osteoporosis, the typical metabolic bone disease, is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD). Women more than men are at risk fir osteoporosis-related fractures, especially in the lumbar spine, wrist, and hip region. Risk of fracture depends on one's BMD, which open determined by the peak bone mass value achieved at skeletal maturity and followed by subsequent age-and menopause-related bone loss. Genetic and environmental factors are known to play a key role in bone metabolism and diet is considered as one of the important environmental factors. The purpose of the present study was to assess the status of BMD and bone mineral content(BMC) to clarify the relationships between dietary intakes and the risk of osteoporosis in adult women in Taegu. Subjects were 130 healthy females in between 20 and 69 years of age. BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine(venebrae L2-4) of the subjects were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The average age of the subjects was 47.4${\pm}$11.7 years old, the average weight was 57.2${\pm}$8.4kg, the average age of menarche was 16.6${\pm}$1.9 years old and the average age of menopause was 48.4${\pm}$5.3 years old. The nutrient intakes of the subjects measured by the convenient method were generally lower than the level of RDA. The result of nutrient intake assessed has shown that the average energy intake was 1701${\pm}$316kca1 which is 85.1% of the RDA and the average calcium intake was 485.4${\pm}$172.3mg which is 69.3% of the RDA. The intakes of protein, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, niacin were greater than the RDA, whereas the remaining nutrient intakes were lower than the RDA. The average BMD of the subjects was shown to be 1.06${\pm}$1.09g/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The highest BMD of 1.24${\pm}$0.14g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was noticed in the subjects of 30s compared to 20s, 40s, 50s, 60s. The BMD values were compared by the relative body weight(R3W) of the menopause subjects, and it was found that the underweight group had significant lower BMB while the rest of the groups did not have any differences in BMD. The most strongly correlated nutrient with BMD among the menopause subjects appeared to be calcium. The women whose Ca intakes were higher than 500mg showed the significantly higher BMD than those with Ca intakes lower than 500mg. This study suggests that the most effective way to prevent osteoporosis and to reduce the incidences of fractures seems to be minimizing bone loss through the adequate intake of calcium as well as avoiding underweight, especially in menopausal women. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) . 1446-1456, 1998)

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.359-364
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• 2014

In this study, we developed a HPLC method for the separation and analysis of methylparaben and p-anisic acid, which are commonly used as a synthetic preservative and natural preservative, respectively. Methylparaben and p-anisic acid have same molecular weight (152.15 g/mol), similar structure and same maximum absorption wavelength (250 nm), thus they showed same retention time (RT) value (13.3 min) in HPLC experiment. We observed that two substances are separated on C18 column after methylparaben was derivatized selectively through the acetylation reaction. Instead, RT of the acetylated methylparaben was moved to 23.9 min from 13.3 min. The average retention time was $23.9{\pm}0.1min$ and peak area values was $5042882{\pm}4778$. In addition it showed a high linearity in the calibration curve with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9999658. Detection and quantitation limits were $1.47{\mu}g/mL$ and $4.44{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In conclusion, the developed method can be useful for separation and analysis of preservatives with similar structure in cosmetic fields.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.174-179
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• 2008

The measurement dissolution sensor system using GMR-SV device with magnetic sensitivity of 0.8 %/Oe and Mg-film thick of 200 nm and Mg-foil thick of 50 mm was fabricated and characterized. During the water dissolving process of Mg-film and Mg-foil, the subtle variation of magnetic field by the decrease of current in solenoid was detected by the GMR-SV sensor. The variations of Mg bubble number and ORP as a function of time for three different kinds of edible, tap, and distilled water, are measured and compared. A After 45 min, the speed of fast dissolving Mg was shown the order of edible > tap > DI water. The variation of output magnetoresistance as a function of dissolved time of Mg-film and Mg-foil for edible water, which is composed of mineral content of $0.8{\sim}5.4\;mg/l$ was investigated. The response times for the dissolution in edible water were 5 min and 20 min, respectively. From the measurement of dissolving time and speed for Mg-film and Mg-foil using GMR-SV device, the mineral Mg sensor system in edible water can be possible to develop.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.87-92
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• 2005

The ground-motion (GM) attenuation relations available in Korea has required the validation process for large earthquakes since most of them were developed based on small earthquake database, The Fukuoka earthquake (M=7.0) that occurred near the Korean Peninsula provides invaluable data to indirectly evaluate the attenuation characteristics of the strong GM in Korea. The GM levels (PGA, SA) obtained from the KIK-net downhole stations near the epicenter (R<100km) are reasonably predicted by the GM attenuation relation developed by KEPRI in 2003 for the Kori NPP site, the result of which validates the use of KEPRI GM attenuation relation for predicting GM induced by future large earthquakes. Also, the comparison between the Osaki spectra and response spectra of KIK-net downhole data reveals that the amplitude levels of Osaki spectra are higher than the spectra from KIK-net stations which are believed to be installed at the seismic basement.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.6 s.101
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• pp.422-427
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• 2006

The culture media from Fomitopsis pinicola were extracted by methanol and examined growth inhibition against Helicobacter pylori. The culture media from 8 days fermentation of F. pinicola showed maximum inhibition activity on H. pylori in 0.25 mg as MIC value. The highest activity against H. pylori by MHCS agar diffusion medium by Fp-P1 in 22.7 mm ID among 3 peaks from methanol fraction of 8 days culture media of Fomitopsis pinicola which purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The Fp-P1 from DEAE-Sephadex A-25 have been analysed by TLC as Fp-T1, Fp-T2 and Fp-T3 by ninhydrin staining. Fp-T3 (Rf value : 0.67) was higher activity against H. pylori in 14.4 mm ID. Fp-T3 was identified as single band by HPLC and TLC. It was assumed to aminosugar by BioLC analysis and TLC staining.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the impurity effect of $Ga_2O_3$ doped thin film by simple doping method using Mg acetate solution. Both undoped $Ga_2O_3$ thin films and Mg-doped $Ga_2O_3$ thin films were grown on Si substrates at 600 and $900^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes by means of a customized MOCVD method. As a result of the surface analysis, there were no obvious morphological differences by Mg impurity implantation. The surface of the thin film grown at $900^{\circ}C$ was rougher than those grown at $600^{\circ}C$ and polycrystallization was achieved. As a result of the optical property analysis, in the case of the doped sample, the overall emission peak was red shifted and the UV radiation intensity was increased. As a result of the I-V curve, the leakage current of the $600^{\circ}C$ growth thin film decreased by the Mg impurity and the photocurrent of the growth thin film of $900^{\circ}C$ increased.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.1036-1043
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• 1994

The silane crosslinking method was applied for the crosslinking of polyethylene (PE). Crosslinking of PE was performed by, first grafting vinyltrimethoxysilane(VTMOS) to the main chain of PE using an extruder at $200{\sim}210^{\circ}C$, followed by exposure to three different silane crosslinking conditions (1. immersed in $80^{\circ}C$ water, 2. at $80^{\circ}C$ air forced convection oven, 3. exposed to air at room temperature ). The thermal characteristic changes of PE resins with respect to the silane crosslinking conditions were studied by measuring the crystalline melting temperature, density and crosslinking reaction rate. Because silane crosslinking was carried out at solid state, crystalline melting temperature, crystallinity, crystal growth rate, crosslinking reaction rate and the change in the density of silane crosslinked PE were affected by crosslinking condition and the type of base resin. The properties of silane crosslinked PE were different from those of Peroxide crosslinked PE which was crosslinked at the molten state. It was found, from the result of DSC analysis, that silane crosslinked linear low density polyethylene(LLDPE) crosslinked at room temperature had no secondary melting peak because the crosslinking reaction proceeds slowly as the crystalline grows. After crystallization, the melting point of PE was lowered by crystalline interruption of crosslinked site.