• 제목/요약/키워드: R-package

검색결과 539건 처리시간 0.029초

한국 사춘기 소녀들의 골밀도와 환경요인들과의 관계(II) (The Relationship Between Bone mineral Density and The Environmental Factors in Korean Pubescent Girls)

  • 최미자
    • 동아시아식생활학회지
    • /
    • 제5권1호
    • /
    • pp.41-51
    • /
    • 1995
  • Bone mass accretion during puberty appears to be critical in the development of peak bone mass. Although bone density of females in Korea has been studied, only a few studies have related bone mass with anthropometric patterns or puberty in the pubescent girls. This study was conducted as part of a study of major determinants of bone development during puberty. Subjects were aged 14∼16 yr(mean 14.97), and had no history of disorders or dedication use likely to influence bone or calcium metabolism. Bone mineral density and content were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry using a Lunar DPX+Scanner (Lunar Madison, WI). Also, total body fat, and total lean body mass were assessed using a Lunar DPX dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer, Pubertal status was assessed according to the Marshall and Tanner guidelines. Serum levels of osteocalcin was measured by RIA using a commercial kit assay. Skinfold measurements were taken with a skinfold caliper(Lange Caliper, USA). Data were analyzed using the regression and GLM procedure of the statistical package SAS. The results indicated that the observed means for lumbar spine BMD and femoral BMD correspond to approximately 91% and 96% of the means for young adult females, respec tively. All subjects were menarchal, with the majority being in the middle to end stages of pubertal development. Total body BMD was positively related to fat mass(P<0.001), lean body mass and time since menarche, and negatively related to urine pyridinoline, serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. The data indicate that girls who reported lower age for menarche had significantly higher bone densities than girls who reported higher age for menarche. Attaining peak skeletal bone mass during puberty may reduce the incidence of osteoporosis in later life. this finding suggests that early menarche may augment peak bone mass, influencing the extent of bone loss later in adulthood. The results suggest that good nutrition in childhood appears to be needed not for growth and development, but possibly also to assure an optimal peak of bone mass and thus greater latitude for the maintenance or skeletal integrity in the face of bone losses. Troeps skinfold thickness was a better predictor of total BMD and total BMC than was any other skinfold thickness. The study did not find a relationship between total BMD and body fat %, but total fat was significantly positively related to total BMD(r=0.49) and total BMC(r=0.60). It supports earlier report that there was a significant correlation between TBMD and body weight. Conclusively, total fat, lean body mass and pubertal development could influence BMD in pubescent girls. Clearly, longitudinal studies are required to assess the effect of puberty on peak bone mass, and to define further the potential determinants of peak bone mass.

  • PDF

한국노인 여성의 피부색 분류와 선호색에 관한 연구 (Classifications of Skin Colors on Korean Elderly Women and their Preference Colors)

  • 김구자;정혜원
    • 한국의류학회지
    • /
    • 제26권2호
    • /
    • pp.303-314
    • /
    • 2002
  • The colors of apparel have become an important element to be used strategically in order to give differentiated character at the level of fiber and fabric production. The colors of apparel have a close relationship with the skin colors of consumers and their preference colors. This study was carried out to classify the skin colors of Korean elderly women into several similar skin colors and to analyse their preference colors. Sample size was 471 Korean elderly women. With color spectrometer, JX-777, we measured 4 points of the body; cheek with removing cosmetics off, forehead, rear neck and arm on the interior part near elbow. All subjects had been shown with 40 color chips and answered the preference colors of apparel and the preference colors. Data weirs analysed to classify skin colors using K-means Cluster Analysis and Duncan test. Independent variables for Cluster Analysis were 12 variables out of L value, a value and b value of 4 points. In doing so, we used SPSS WIN 10 statistical package. Findings were as follows: 1) The skin colors of the Korean elderly women were composed of skin colors of YR, R, and Y. 2) 355 subjects were classified into 4 kinds of skin color groups. 3) The average face color of type 1 was 6.7YR 5.1/4.3 and 56 observations out of 355 subjects were composed of Type 1 and of Type 2 was 6.1YR 6.1/4.5 and 166 observations out of 355 and of 3 Type 6. YR 4.8/4.2 and 75 observations out of 355 and of Type was 6.17 YR 5.7/4.7 and 58 observations out of 355. 4) The average skin color of Type 1 was 7.0YR 5.9/4.4 and of Type 2 was 7.2YR 6.3/4.2 and of Type 3 was 7.0YR 6.2/4.2 and of Type 4 was 7.6YR 5.4/4.2 respectively. 5) The mean values of 12 variables between the 4 classified face color and skin color groups showed significantly different except H value of skin color. 6) All 4 groups showed that the most preference color of apparel and the most preference color were 2.5R 5/14 respectively.

초등학교 양호교사의 건강증진 생활양식 실천정도와 영향 요인에 관한 연구 (A Study on Health-Promoting Lifestyles and Their Affecting Factors in Elementary School Nurses)

  • 박소영
    • 한국학교보건학회지
    • /
    • 제10권1호
    • /
    • pp.51-63
    • /
    • 1997
  • Changes in disease patterns increase the importance of health-promoting lifestyles in a healthy society. Thus health education in elementary schools is very important because the knowledge of health and health habits in this period become a habitual part of life. The purpose of this study is to identify the performance in promoting healthy lifestyles of elementary school nurses. Such data helps to provide data to judge whether they are capable health educators or not. The subjects were 365 elementary school nurses selected by purposive sample. The data were collected by a self reporting questionnaire from August to October of 1996. The methods used in this study were the health-promoting lifestyle profile developed by Park In Sook (1995) and Licker's flour-point scale. A Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, percentage, mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coffcient and stepwise multiple regression in the SAS package were used to analyze the data. The results of this study were as follows: 1. 37.7% of the sample were aged between 30 and 39 and 33.7% were between 40 and 49. 44.9% of the sample had attended college. 87.7% of the sample were married. 42.5% of the sample were people with a career of 11~20 years, and 26.0% of it had 21 years or more of working experience as an elementary school nurses. 2. The average scores of the family function and the social support were 2.97 and 2.98 respectively. 3. 86.5% of the sample were satisfied with their job. 4. 85.8% of the sample answered that they were healthy and 14.2% answered that they were unhealthy. The average scores of the internal health locus of control and self-esteem were 3.35 and 3.15 respectively. 5. The average score of performance in health-promoting lifestyle variables was 3.16; the average scores for harmonious relationships, regular diet professional health maintenance, sanitary life, self-control, emotional support, diet, rest and sleep, exercise and activity. self-achievement, and diet control were 3.47, 3.30, 2.52. 3.60, 2.92, 3.18, 3.14, 3.11, 2.96, 3.26 and 3.12. The variable with the highest degree of correlation was a sanitary life, whereas the one with the lowest degree was professional health maintenance. 6. A significant difference was found in self-esteem according to age. There was a significant difference in the average score of internal health locus of control according to age and career. 7. There were significant differences in the health-promoting lifestyle performance depending on age, career and monthly household income. The longer the career, the higher the health-promoting lifestyle performance. 8. A weak positive correlation was found between self-esteem and health-promoting lifestyles performance(r=0.417, p<0.001) Also, a weak positive correlation was found between the internal health locus of control and health-promoting lifestyles performance (r=0.386, p<0.001). 9. Heath-promoting lifestyle performance showed significant correlations with family function, social support and job satisfaction. 10. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was the variance of family function. Social support, age, self-esteem, internal health locus of control, perceived heath status and job satisfaction accounted for 55.9% of the variance in heath-promoting lifestyle performance.

  • PDF

Comparative analysis of the microbial communities in raw milk produced in different regions of Korea

  • Kim, In Seon;Hur, Yoo Kyung;Kim, Eun Ji;Ahn, Young-Tae;Kim, Jong Geun;Choi, Yun-Jaie;Huh, Chul Sung
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • 제30권11호
    • /
    • pp.1643-1650
    • /
    • 2017
  • Objective: The control of psychrotrophic bacteria causing milk spoilage and illness due to toxic compounds is an important issue in the dairy industry. In South Korea, Gangwon-do province is one of the coldest terrains in which eighty percent of the area is mountainous regions, and mainly plays an important role in the agriculture and dairy industries. The purposes of this study were to analyze the indigenous microbiota of raw milk in Gangwon-do and accurately investigate a putative microbial group causing deterioration in milk quality. Methods: We collected raw milk from the bulk tank of 18 dairy farms in the Hoengseong and Pyeongchang regions of Gangwon-do. Milk components were analyzed and the number of viable bacteria was confirmed. The V3 and V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced on an Illumina Miseq platform. Sequences were then assigned to operational taxonomic units, followed by the selection of representative sequences using the QIIME software package. Results: The milk samples from Pyeongchang were higher in fat, protein, lactose, total solid, and solid non-fat, and bacterial cell counts were observed only for the Hoengseong samples. The phylum Proteobacteria was detected most frequently in both the Hoengseong and Pyeongchang samples, followed by the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Notably, Corynebacterium, Pediococcus, Macrococcus, and Acinetobacter were significantly different from two regions. Conclusion: Although the predominant phylum in raw milk is same, the abundances of major genera in milk samples were different between Hoengseong and Pyeongchang. We assumed that these differences are caused by regional dissimilar farming environments such as soil, forage, and dairy farming equipment so that the quality of milk raw milk from Pyeongchang is higher than that of Hoengseong. These results could provide the crucial information for identifying the microbiota in raw milk of South Korea.

PC를 이용한 자기공명분광 신호처리분석 시스템 개발: 1.5T MR Spectroscopy에서의 정상인 뇌 분광 신호 (Development of PC Based Signal Postprocessing System in MR Spectroscopy: Normal Brain Spectrum in 1.5T MR Spectroscopy)

  • 백문영;강원석;이현용;신운재;은충기
    • Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    • /
    • 제4권2호
    • /
    • pp.128-135
    • /
    • 2000
  • 목적 자기공명 스펙트럼 데이터의 처리 및 분석을 특정 workstation이 아닌 일반 PC의 windows 운영체제에서 동작할 수 있도록 GUI(Graphical User Interface)기반의 Spectroscopy 분석용 도구를 개발하였다. 대상 및 방법 S/W의 개발은 MATLAB(Mathwork사 미국)을 이용하여 PC의 window운영 체제에서 GUI 기반으로 동작하게 하였다. 시간 영역의 raw data와 주파수 영역의 spectrum data를 동시에 display할 수 있게 하였으며 Zero filling, 여러 종류의 filtering, 위상보정, FFT, peak area 측정 등의 기능을 갖추었다. 또한, 1.5T Gyroscan ACS-NT R6(Philips, Amsterdam, Netherland)의 $^1H$ Spectroscopy 패키지를 이용하여 정상인 뇌의 Parietal white matter, Basal ganglia, Occipital grey matter 영역에서 얻은 $^1$H MRS data를 정성 .정량적으로 분석하여 타 기종에서 얻어 발표된 $^1H$ MRS data와 비교분석하였다. 결과 : 본 연구에서 개발된 S/W를 이용하여 정상인 뇌에서 $^1H$ MRS data를 processing한 결과 NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, MI/Cr 비율은 TE를 달리하였을 때, 유의수준 5%에서 Parietal white matter(PWM)의 NAA/Cr peak ratio를 제외하고 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그리고 기존에 발표된 문헌과 비교할 때 다른 MR장치의 NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, MI/Cr 값들에 비해 평균값과 표준편차가 전반적으로 10-50%의 큰 값을 나타내었다. 결론 : 정상인 뇌에서 세 부위에 대하여 $^1H$ MRS를 얻고 이에 대한 정성.정량 분석을 함으로써 MRS를 임상적으로 적용하기 위한 준비를 하였으며 이러한 작업을 PC에서 독립적으로 수행함으로서 MRI system의 작업효율을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 그리고 서로 다른 기종간에는 유의한 차이가 있으므로 정상인에 대한 MRS database를 구축한 후에 $^1H$ MRS를 임상에 적용해야 함을 알 수 있었다.

  • PDF

계면활성제를 첨가한 미셀 형성 세라믹 분리막에 의한 칼슘이온 제거 (Removal of Aqueous Calcium Ion by Micellar Enhanced Ceramic Membranes Adding Surfactant)

  • 박진용;박보름
    • 멤브레인
    • /
    • 제18권1호
    • /
    • pp.7-25
    • /
    • 2008
  • 본 연구에서는 칼슘 이온 제거를 위해 칼슘용액에 임계미셀농도(CMC) 이상으로 음이온계면활성제인 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)를 주입하여 미셀을 형성한 후, 미셀 표면에 칼슘 이온의 흡착 또는 결합으로 형성된 응집체들을 2종류의 세라믹 분리막으로 배제하였다. 그 결과, 99.98% 이상 칼슘 배제율을 보였다. 또한 본 실험범위에서 TMP가 증가할수록 막오염($R_f$)은 증가하는 경향을 보였지만, 구동력의 증가로 인해 총여과부피($V_T$) 및 무차원한 투과선속($J/J_o$), 투과선속(J) 역시 증가하였다. 또한 세라믹 분리막에 대하여 주기적 질소 역세척을 실시할 경우, 질소 역세척 시간(BT) 및 여과 시간(FT), 즉 역세척 주기의 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과, NCMT-6231 (평균기공 $0.07{\mu}m$) 및 NCMT-7231 ($0.10{\mu}m$) 분리막의 최적 BT는 각각 10초, 15초이었다. 또한, 최적 FT는 2종류 분리막 모두 5분으로, 빈번한 질소 역세척이 막오염을 효과적으로 감소시켰다. 한편 칼슘용액으로 실험하여 도출된 최적 운전조건을 두유 포장팩 세척수로 사용하고 있는 지하수에 적용한 결과, 2종류의 분리막 모두 칼슘을 99.98% 이상 제거할 수 있었다.

평균 해수면 및 최극조위 자료의 이상자료 및 기준고도 변화(Level Shift) 진단 (Outliers and Level Shift Detection of the Mean-sea Level, Extreme Highest and Lowest Tide Level Data)

  • 이기섭;조홍연
    • 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
    • /
    • 제32권5호
    • /
    • pp.322-330
    • /
    • 2020
  • 부산, 목포 지점의 평균해수면(MSL)과 고극조위, 저극조위 자료의 이상자료 시계열 모델링을 수행하였다. 시계열 모델은 계절성분을 포함하는 SARIMA 모형이며, 일시적인 변화에 해당하는 이상자료(Additive Outlier, AO)와 영구적인 변화를 의미하는 기준고도 변화(Level Shift, LS)를 모델에 포함하였으며, AIC 기준에 의거하여 최적 모델을 선정하였다. 이상자료 모형의 매개변수 추정은 R 프로그램 'tsoutliers' 패키지('tso' 함수)를 이용하였다. 선정 모형을 이용하여 이상자료와 기준고도 변화 진단에 적용한 결과, 부산의 월 단위 고극조위 자료에서 2003, 2012년 발생한 태풍 매미(MAEMI), 산바(SANBA)에 의한 일시적인 수위상승을 65.5, 29.5 cm 정도로 추정하였으며, 목포의 월 단위 평균해수면 자료에서는 1983년의 영산강 하굿둑 건설 사업에 의한 기준고도 변화를 21.2 cm 정도로 추정하였다. 한편 본 연구에서 구성한 모형은 모형의 편향을 유발하는 이상자료의 영향을 포함하며, 모형에 의한 RMS 오차는 연간 자료를 사용한 경우, 부산은 MSL 1.95 cm, 고극조위, 저극조위 각각 5.11 cm, 6.50 cm이며, 목포의 경우에는 큰 조차의 영향으로 MSL 2.01 cm, 고극조위, 저극조위 각각 11.80 cm, 9.14 cm로 부산보다 다소 높게 나타났다.

유연포장재료(柔軟包裝材料)를 이용(利用)한 고추 포장(包裝)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Studies on Packaging of Chillies (Capsicum annum) in Flexible Films, and Their Laminates)

  • 장규섭;김재욱
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
    • /
    • 제19권3호
    • /
    • pp.145-154
    • /
    • 1976
  • 현재(現在) 식품공업(食品工業)에 널리 이용(利用)되고 있는 포장재료(包裝材料)를 가지고 건조(乾燥)통고추와 고추분말(紛末)을 포장(包裝)하여 여러 조건(條件)에 저장(貯藏)하면서 포장재료(包裝材料)와 시료(試料)의 물리적(物理的) 및 화학적(化學的) 변화(變化)에 관(關)하여 연구검토(硏究檢討) 한바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 고추의 저장조건중(貯藏條件中), 상대습도(相對濕度) 55% 이상(以上)에서는 수분흡수(水分吸收)가 현저(顯著)하게 상승(上昇)하였으며, 10%에서는 곰장이가 발생(發生)하였는데 이때의 평형수분(平衡水分) 함량(含量)은 15%로써 고추의 저장수분(貯藏水分) 함량(含量)의 임계점(臨界點)에 도달(到達)하였다. 시료(試料)의 수분함량(水分含量)을 달리하여 저장(貯藏)하였을 때 색소(色素) Capsanthin함량(含量)은 저장온도(貯藏溫度)가 높을수록, 수분함량(水分含量)이 많아질수록 감소(減少)하였으며, 천일하(天日下)에 방치(放置)할때도 Capsanthin함량(含量)은 크게 변화(變化)하였다. 여러 포장재료중(包裝材料中) Aluminium foil packet이 장기저장시(長期貯藏時) 고추 성분(成分)의 변화(變化)를 줄이는데 가장 효과적(效果的)이였으며 단기저장시(短期貯藏時)에는 착색(着色) Polyethylene, L.D.P.E., Saran/cello, /Saran/P.E., 순서(順序)였다.

  • PDF

간호대학생의 경제의식에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Consciousness of Economic Ethics in Nursing Students)

  • 홍윤미
    • 간호행정학회지
    • /
    • 제9권3호
    • /
    • pp.429-445
    • /
    • 2003
  • Purpose : The present study attempted to consider the degree of consciousness of economic ethics in nursing students and the factors affecting these perceptions. Method : A survey was conducted to a total of 874 nursing students from the freshmen and seniors of 11 depts of nursing science nationwide selected by convenience sampling (one for each province, and as for Gangwon-do, two schools were selected from Yeongdong area and Yeongseo area ; 13 male students were excluded). A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on their demographic characteristics and economic ethical perceptions. Collected data were analyzed using the SAS V8.1 statistical package. Result : (1) The score for the economic ethical consciousness of the subjects was $36.76{\pm}10.20$. As for each sub-categories, the score for industry was $7.67{\pm}2.77$; thrift, $7.42{\pm}2.37$; cooperation, $7.41{\pm}2.21$; occupational consciousness, $7.18{\pm}2.20$; and, for consumption, $7.02{\pm}1.90$. The score for the consciousness of consumption was the lowest. (2) Among the demographic characteristics of the subjects, age was found to have a statistically significant positive relation to the consciousness of economic ethics(r=.13, p<.001). The next significant factor was grade: seniors seemed to have a higher economic consciousness in all the sub-categories than freshmen(t=-4.32, p<.001). The number of in-home family has a statistically significant negative correlation with economic attitudes(r=-.15, p<.001). In addition, their economic ethical perceptions were significantly higher with no religion (t=2.14, p<.05); have an unemployed father (t=2.78, p<.05); have credit cards under their own names (t=3.04, p<.05); have ever had overdue card bills (t=4.25, p<.001); have ever had part time job(t=1.74, p<.1) and when they don't live with their parents (t=-2.01, p<.05). 3) A multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the influential power of the factors affecting the consciousness of economic ethics of the subjects. The factors had more influence on the economic attitudes of the seniors than those of freshmen; in those who having credit cards under their own names than under others; and, in those who have ever experienced credit default than those haven't. Though these factors raised average 3.0 points of economic consciousness, their expository power for the consciousness were low. Conclusion : The nursing students had medium-high consciousness of economic ethics and they seemed to have low consciousness of the proper consumption practices. Their actual life experiences had an influence on their economic attitudes. Therefore, practical programs on economic knowledge should be developed and taught to students systematically at school so that they could have sound consciousness of economic ethics and appropriate knowledge closely related with their real life.

  • PDF

Geiger Mode로 동작하는 3차원 LADAR 광수신기 개발 (3-Dimensional LADAR Optical Detector Development in Geiger Mode Operation)

  • 최순규;신정환;강상구;홍정호;권용준;강응철;이창재
    • 한국광학회지
    • /
    • 제24권4호
    • /
    • pp.176-183
    • /
    • 2013
  • 본 논문에서는 3차원 영상 획득을 위한 LADAR(LAser Detection And Ranging)용 광수신기 모듈을 설계-제작하고 측정한 결과를 보고한다. 광수신기 모듈은 1 km 이상의 거리에서도 신호를 측정할 수 있도록 디지털모드(Geiger Mode)에서 동작하는 InGaAs APD(Avalanche Photodiode)로 설계하였으며, $16{\pm}16$ FPA(Focal Plane Array)로 설계-제작하였다. 디지털모드(Geiger Mode)는 항복전압 이상의 영역에서 동작하여 작은 광에 대해 반응 할 수 있게 큰 증폭률을 가지게 된다. 1ns의 FWHM(Full Width at Half Maximum)을 갖는 펄스를 수광할 수 있고, 배열 크기는 $16{\pm}16$, Geiger Mode 동작 등의 특성을 만족하도록 광수신기를 구성하기 위해 ROIC(Read Out Integrated Circuit)를 자체적으로 설계-제작하였다. 제작된 광수신기 모듈은 원거리 표적정보 획득이 가능하며, PDE(Photon Detection Efficiency)는 28%, DCR(Dark Count Rate)은 140 kHz 이하의 특성을 보였으며, LADAR 시스템에서 3차원 영상을 획득하였다. 이는 $16{\pm}16$ FPA APD를 이용한 광수신기에서 가장 우수한 특성을 나타낸 것이다.